Mastite lactacional grave: particularidades da internação à alta

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as características de mulheres que sofreram mastite lactacional grave. Método: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e documental, com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados de registros da assistência nos prontuários de 114 mulheres internadas no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Análise mediante estatística descritiva. Resultados: constatou-se maior porcentagem de mastite lactacional grave em mulheres jovens, primíparas, com ensino médio completo, que não tinham companheiro e não trabalhavam fora do lar; 96,5% das mulheres tiveram alguma intercorrência mamária antes da internação e permaneceram internadas em média 4,4 dias; na alta hospitalar 23,7% das mulheres desmamaram. Conclusão: este estudo mostrou que a mastite lactacional grave pode causar grandes danos à mulher e ao bebê

Temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of the occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the City of Birigui, State of São Paulo, from 1999 to 2012

Introduction In 1999, Birigui and Araçatuba were the first municipalities in the State of São Paulo to present autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis in humans (VLH). The aim of this study was to describe the temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal behaviors of VLH in Birigui. Methods Secondary data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System from 1999 to 2012. The incidence, mortality and case fatality rates by sex and age were calculated. The cases of VLH were geocoded and grouped according to census tracts. Local empirical Bayesian incidence rates were calculated. The existence of spatial and spatiotemporal clusters was investigated using SaTScan software. Results There were 156 confirmed cases of autochthonous VLH. The incidence rate was higher in the 0-4-year-old children, and the mortality and case fatality rates were higher in people aged 60 years and older. The peaks of incidence occurred in 2006 and 2011. The Bayesian rates identified the presence of VLH in all of the census tracts in the municipality; however, spatial and spatiotemporal clusters were found in the central area of the municipality. Conclusions Birigui, located in the Araçatuba region, has recently experienced increasing numbers of VLH cases; this increase is contrary to the behavior observed over the entire region, which has shown a decreasing trend in the number of VLH cases. The observations that the highest incidence is in children 0-4 years old and the highest mortality is in people 60 years and older are in agreement with the expected patterns of VLH.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Enfermagem Curso de Graduação em EnfermagemUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Saúde Pública Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde PúblicaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência AnimalRegional de Araçatuba Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo Superintendência de Controle de EndemiasSecretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo Superintendência de Controle de Endemias Laboratório de Vetores de São José do Rio PretoUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Saúde Pública Departamento de EpidemiologiaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Anima

Understanding How Microplastics Affect Marine Biota on the Cellular Level Is Important for Assessing Ecosystem Function: A Review

Plastic has become indispensable for human life. When plastic debris is discarded into waterways, these items can interact with organisms. Of particular concern are microscopic plastic particles (microplastics) which are subject to ingestion by several taxa. This review summarizes the results of cutting-edge research about the interactions between a range of aquatic species and microplastics, including effects on biota physiology and secondary ingestion. Uptake pathways via digestive or ventilatory systems are discussed, including (1) the physical penetration of microplastic particles into cellular structures, (2) leaching of chemical additives or adsorbed persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and (3) consequences of bacterial or viral microbiota contamination associated with microplastic ingestion. Following uptake, a number of individual-level effects have been observed, including reduction of feeding activities, reduced growth and reproduction through cellular modifications, and oxidative stress. Microplastic-associated effects on marine biota have become increasingly investigated with growing concerns regarding human health through trophic transfer. We argue that research on the cellular interactions with microplastics provide an understanding of their impact to the organisms’ fitness and, therefore, its ability to sustain their functional role in the ecosystem. The review summarizes information from 236 scientific publications. Of those, only 4.6% extrapolate their research of microplastic intake on individual species to the impact on ecosystem functioning. We emphasize the need for risk evaluation from organismal effects to an ecosystem level to effectively evaluate the effect of microplastic pollution on marine environments. Further studies are encouraged to investigate sublethal effects in the context of environmentally relevant microplastic pollution conditions