Suffixation et voyelles finales en italien

Cet article traite d'un phénomène qui, même s'il est bien connu dans les travaux sur la morphologie de l'italien, continuait (et continue) d'être problématique. Il s'agit de l'effacement de la voyelle finale des bases de dérivation en italien lorsqu'elles sont suivies par un suffixe qui commence lui-même par voyelle. Le phénomène a été traité, alternativement, comme phonologique ou morphologique

La composition en italien dans un cadre de morphologie lexématique

Cet article analyse les différents types de composition actifs en italien contemporain dans un modèle de morphologie qui assume les lexèmes (mots) comme ses unités élémentaires

La creatività lessicale nel Partigiano Johnny

International audienceL'article analyse les innovations linguistiques, et en particulier lexicales, dans le roman de B. Fenoglio Il partigiano Johnny. La créativité lexicale de l'auteur est observée à la lumière du développement de la langue littéraire italienne et des tendances actives dans la formation des mots de l'italien du XXe siècle.L'articolo analizza le innovazioni linguistiche, e in particolare lessicali, nel romanzo di B. Fenoglio Il partigiano Johnny. La creatività lessicale dell'autore viene osservata alla luce dello sviluppo della lingua letteraria italiana e delle tendenze in atto nella formazione delle parole dell'italiano del XX secolo

Sublexical vs. supralexical representation of morphological encoding: Towards a reconciliation

Lexical morphemes such as roots, stems, inflectional and derivational affixes constitute the basic ingredients of words in languages. After 30 years of investigations, the majority of the psycholinguists nowadays agree in assigning a central role to morphology within the mental lexicon. More precisely, numerous studies have demonstrated the relevance of morphemes during reading and the earliness of morphological processing during lexical access, suggesting that morphemes are independently coded somewhere in the mental lexicon: -Either morphemic units stand as access units to word representations (Sublexical approach of Taft, 1994) -or they organize word representations in terms of morphological families (Supralexical approach of Giraudo & Grainger, 2000

Extensive data for morphology: using the World Wide Web

International audienceThis paper presents a number of recent studies in French morphology which make extensive use of data. These data relating to derived words have been automatically collected from digital corpora, mostly from the Web. The main point developed here is that this massive increase in the amount of available data can substantially modify the results of a morphological study, and can lead to new theoretical conclusions that would not have been possible with traditional data such as wordlists gathered from dictionaries. However, using the Web as a corpus brings up several technical and methodological questions, which are dealt with through examples and discussions about the different tools and techniques available. We exemplify our thesis through the study of the suffixal forms: ‑esque, ‑este, ‑able, ‑ment

Processi cognitivi nell'analisi delle classi verbali dell'italiano: un approccio sperimentale

International audienceL'analisi della flessione, soprattutto verbale, nelle lingue romanze ha ricevuto un notevole impulso negli ultimi anni, in particolare dall'apporto alla ricerca in linguistica teorica di discipline come la psicolinguistica o le scienze cognitive. In questo articolo intendiamo riesaminare la ripartizione dei verbi italiani in classi, e osservare come la teoria morfologica e l'analisi sperimentale possano dare risultati convergenti e contribuire a mettere in luce i processi mentali che costituiscono la base della competenza morfologica dei parlanti (cf. Pirrelli 2007a; 2007b e, per un'illustrazione, Bonami et al. 2008). Nella prima parte, proporremo uno stato dell'arte della ricerca in morfologia flessiva, in particolare nell'ambito del modello "Parole e paradigmi", e suggeriremo una proposta di modellazione del sistema verbale dell'italiano. In particolar modo, ci soffermeremo sul concetto di regolarità, ossia sui criteri che servono a classificare i verbi, e in generale i lessemi, in regolari e irregolari. Nella seconda parte, renderemo conto dei risultati di una ricerca psicolinguistica, i cui risultati confermano, in maniera abbastanza prevedibile, l'esistenza di una macroclasse in italiano (quella dei verbi in -are). Per le altre classi, invece, la situazione è più complessa: anche i modelli di coniugazione generalmente considerati non regolari o semiregolari (ad esempio i verbi ad infinito in -ere atono) costituiscono poli di attrazione importanti nell'organizzazione delle forme flesse dell'italiano e sono facilmente estesi da parte dei locutori

Halyomorpha halys in Italy: first results of field monitoring in fruit orchards

The invasive pest Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) was detected for the first time in Italy in September 2012 in Modena province (Northern Italy) during an insect collection for educational purposes. A survey performed in 2013 allowed to detect its presence in Emilia Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont regions. In 2014, in the provinces of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Bologna a periodical active field monitoring was performed using tree beating, sweep-net and visual observations in selected orchards and vineyards, recording numbers of BMSB adults and nymphs, and of other Heteroptera. Besides, fruit injury and crop loss were recorded at harvest. Partial results from field data obtained between April and July 2014 are presented, indicating that BMSB is already becoming an important pest of fruit orchards and that special attention should be deserved to monitor its spread all over the region and the whole Italian country

Boron: A key element in radical reactions

Boron derivatives are becoming key reagents in radical chemistry. Here, we describe reactions where an organoboron derivative is used as a radical initiator, a chain-transfer reagent, and a radical precursor. For instance, B-alkylcatecholboranes, easily prepared by hydroboration of alkenes, represent a very efficient source of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals. Their very high sensitivity toward oxygen- and heteroatom-centered radicals makes them particularly attractive for the development of radical chain processes such as conjugate addition, allylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation. Boron derivatives have also been used to develop an attractive new procedure for the reduction of radicals with alcohols and water. The selected examples presented here demonstrate that boron-containing reagents can efficiently replace tin derivatives in a wide range of radical reaction

Dyclonine rescues frataxin deficiency in animal models and buccal cells of patients with Friedreich's ataxia.

Inherited deficiency in the mitochondrial protein frataxin (FXN) causes the rare disease Friedreich's ataxia (FA), for which there is no successful treatment. We identified a redox deficiency in FA cells and used this to model the disease. We screened a 1600-compound library to identify existing drugs, which could be of therapeutic benefit. We identified the topical anesthetic dyclonine as protective. Dyclonine increased FXN transcript and FXN protein dose-dependently in FA cells and brains of animal models. Dyclonine also rescued FXN-dependent enzyme deficiencies in the iron-sulfur enzymes, aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase. Dyclonine induces the Nrf2 [nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2] transcription factor, which we show binds an upstream response element in the FXN locus. Additionally, dyclonine also inhibited the activity of histone methyltransferase G9a, known to methylate histone H3K9 to silence FA chromatin. Chronic dosing in a FA mouse model prevented a performance decline in balance beam studies. A human clinical proof-of-concept study was completed in eight FA patients dosed twice daily using a 1% dyclonine rinse for 1 week. Six of the eight patients showed an increase in buccal cell FXN levels, and fold induction was significantly correlated with disease severity. Dyclonine represents a novel therapeutic strategy that can potentially be repurposed for the treatment of FA

The lexical representation of nouns and ajectives in romance languages

This paper discusses such issues as the format under which lexical units are stored in memory, the way in which inflection and derivation interact, and the definition of morphological units, such as stem, root, word form, etc. More largely, two competing models of morphological competence, a “units-plus-rules” model and a global model based on analogy, are discussed. The main focus is on nouns and adjectives in three Romance languages: French, Catalan and Italian. The data are analyzed within a word-based model of morphology. Word forms are considered to be the main units of lexical memorization universally. These forms are organized into larger, more abstract units, the lexemes, roughly corresponding to dictionary entries. It is claimed that the other units traditionally identified in morphological analyses, such as stems, roots, etc. may serve as organizing units in some cases, but should not be considered to be universal units of morphology cross-linguistically.Cet article traite de la manière dont les unités lexicales sont stockées dans la mémoire des locuteurs, de la manière dont la flexion et la dérivation interagissent, et de la définition de quelques notions morphologiques, comme thème, racine, mot-forme, etc. Plus largement, deux modèles concurrents de la compétence morphologique y sont discutés: un modèle à « unités plus règles » et un modèle global basé sur l’analogie. L’analyse est conduite en particulier sur trois langues romanes: français, catalan et italien. Les données sont analysées dans le cadre d’un modèle de morphologie basé sur les mots. Les mots-formes sont considérés comme les unités de base de la mémorisation lexicale d’un point de vue universel. Ces formes sont organisées en des unités plus larges et plus abstraites, les lexèmes, qui correspondent grosso modo aux entrées d’un dictionnaire. Il est soutenu que les autres unités traditionnellement identifiées dans l’analyse morphologique, comme les thèmes, les racines, etc., peuvent fonctionner comme des unités d’organisation dans certains cas, mais ne doivent pas être considérées comme des unités morphologiques sur une base universelle