Las oraciones de relativo con sentido condicional en el Libro de los Exenplos por A.B.C.

La investigación de las destrezas discursivas en las construcciones condicionales ha hecho aflorar cuestiones que se presumían, pero también otras con las que no se contaba. Entre las primeras, se encuentra la evidencia de que no se puede generalizar. Cada forma de expresión posee unas propiedades que las hacen más propensas que otras a desempeñar determinadas funciones pragmáticas. Entre las segundas, destaca el olvido sistemático al que la lingüística española ha sometido a las oraciones de relativo con valor condicional. ¿Pueden las oraciones de relativo con indicativo asumir dicho valor

La lengua, las nuevas tecnologías y la cultura desde la perspectiva de la variación lingüística

El valor cultural de la lengua está fuera de duda, pero ¿ocurre también con las nue-vas tecnologías?, ¿son también bienes culturales? Depende. Desde una perspectiva general, la respuesta sólo puede ser afirmativa. Sí, lo son. Desde la óptica de la filosofía de la cien-cia, la situación es más compleja. Ni ha estado ni está completamente cerrado el problema de lo que se debe entender como cultura, ni las “tecnologías” lo han tenido fácil para aco-gerse a esta noble etiqueta. El problema, como casi siempre, no es de ahora. Viene de los propios fundamentos de nuestra sociedad y de nuestra cultura. Ya en la antigüedad clásica había dos posturas claramente enfrentadas. Platón, en la Grecia del siglo IV a.C., diferenciaba entre prácticas y procedimientos técnicos, por un lado, y ciencia (episteme) y cultura filosófica, por el otro, reservando para estas últimas lo que posteriormente se caracterizaría como cultura, en un sentido restringido. Más claro todavía había sido Aristóteles con su separación tajante entre praxis y poiesis

A raster-vector approach to GIS modelling: Natural Quality cartography

The Surveying Department and the Transport Research Centre of the Polytechnic University ofMadrid (TRANSyT) cooperated on a research project where the generation of a Natural Quality map for the Peninsular Spain and Balearic Islands was one of the main outcomes. The main purpose of this cartography is to assist on the development of Environmental Reports for Strategic Environmental Assessments procedures. Some local, regional, national and international organizations have been consulted in order to obtain suitable GIS thematic databases, including the recent Spanish infrastructure of spatial data (IDEE), the European Environmental Agency and the Spanish nature data bank. The methodology begins with integration and normalization processes of data format (ESRI coverage), data accuracy (100 m), projection and datum (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area – European Terrestrial Reference System 1989) with the aim of homogenising spatial data sets. The generation of this Natural Quality map implies the combination of a significant number of maps, finally 12. This high number of variables resulted in a very complex methodology, which forced researchers to work with raster data instead of vector. Raster combination of data has proved to be an efficient way of simulating a vector approach for a high number of datasets. This resulted in a raster map which attribute data was a vector comprising information from 12 environmental variables. Finally, a synthetic map was yielded through reclassification of the vector previously obtained. This map was assessed for consistency using various protected areas. The developed methodology, based on the used of GIS, has demonstrated the viability of implementation and convenience for future analysis

Modulation by geraniol of gene expression involved in lipid metabolism leading to a reduction of serum-cholesterol and triglyceride levels

Background: Geraniol (G) is a natural isoprenoid present in the essential oils of several aromatic plants, with various biochemical and pharmacologic properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of action of G on cellular metabolism are largely unknown. Hypothesis/Purpose: We propose that G could be a potential agent for the treatment of hyperlipidemia that could contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to advance our understanding of its mechanism of action on cholesterol and TG metabolism. Study Design/Methods: NIH mice received supplemented diets containing 25, 50, and 75 mmol G/kg chow. After a 3-week treatment, serum total-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured by commercial kits and lipid biosynthesis determined by the [14C] acetate incorporated into fatty acids plus nonsaponifiable and total hepatic lipids of the mice. The activity of the mRNA encoding HMGCR—the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis—along with the enzyme levels and catalysis were assessed by real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and HMG-CoA-conversion assays, respectively. In-silico analysis of several genes involved in lipid metabolism and regulated by G in cultured cells was also performed. Finally, the mRNA levels encoded by the genes for the low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), the sterol-regulatory-element-binding transcription factor (SREBF2), the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Results: Plasma total-cholesterol and triglyceride levels plus hepatic fatty-acid, total-lipid, and nonsaponifiable-lipid biosynthesis were significantly reduced by feeding with G. Even though an up-regulation of the mRNA encoding HMGCR occurred in the G treated mouse livers, the protein levels and specific activity of the enzyme were both inhibited. G also enhanced the mRNAs encoding the LDL and VLDL receptors and reduced ACACA mRNA, without altering the transcription of the mRNA encoding the SREBF2. Conclusions: The following mechanisms may have mediated the decrease in plasma lipids levels in mice: a down-regulation of hepatocyte-cholesterol synthesis occurred as a result of decreased HMGCR protein levels and catalytic activity; the levels of LDLR mRNA became elevated, thus suggesting an increase in the uptake of serum LDL, especially by the liver; and TG synthesis became reduced very likely because of a decrease in fatty-acid synthesis.Fil: Galle, Marianela Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Rodenak Kladniew, Boris Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Castro, Maria Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Montero Villegas, Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Lacunza, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Polo, Monica Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: García de Bravo, Margarita. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Crespo, Rosana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; Argentin

IAA : Información y actualidad astronómica (1)

Sumario : Ventana Abierta.-- Investigación: Búsqueda de discos protoplanetarios: presente y futuro.-- Apuntes sobre la astronomía arábigo-española.-- Charlas con... César Nombela, Presidente del CSIC.-- Actualidad Científica: Nuevos logros en Óptica Adaptativa.-- Menos asteroides cercanos a la Tierra.-- Actividades IAA .-- Agenda .N

Mesopelagic respiration near the ESTOC (European Station for Time-Series in the Ocean, 15.5°W, 29.1°N) site inferred from a tracer conservation model

© The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 115 (2016): 63–73, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.010.Remineralization of organic matter in the mesopelagic zone (ca. 150–700 m) is a key controlling factor of carbon export to the deep ocean. By using a tracer conservation model applied to climatological data of oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrate, we computed mesopelagic respiration at the ESTOC (European Station for Time- Series in the Ocean, Canary Islands) site, located in the Eastern boundary region of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. The tracer conservation model included vertical Ekman advection, geostrophic horizontal transport and vertical diffusion, and the biological remineralization terms were diagnosed by assuming steady state. Three different approaches were used to compute reference velocities used for the calculation of geostrophic velocities and flux divergences: a no-motion level at 3000 m, surface geostrophic velocities computed from the averaged absolute dynamic topography field, and surface velocities optimized from the temperature model. Mesopelagic respiration rates computed from the model were 2.8–8.9molO2 m2 y=1, 2.0–3.1mol Cm2 y=1 and 0.6–1.0molNm2 y=1, consistent with remineralization processes occurring close to Redfield stoichiometry. Model estimates were in close agreement with respiratory activity, derived from electron transport system (ETS) measurements collected in the same region at the end of the winter bloom period (3.61 ± 0.48molO2 m=2 y=1). According to ETS estimates, 50% of the respiration in the upper 1000 m took place below 150 m. Model results showed that oxygen, DIC and nitrate budgets were dominated by lateral advection, pointing to horizontal transport as the main source of organic carbon fuelling the heterotrophic respiration activity in this region.Funding for this study was provided by the Xunta de Galicia under the research project VARITROP (09MDS001312PR, PI B. Mouriño-Carballido) and by the Ministerio de Educación y Cultura under the research project MESOPELAGIC (MAR97-1036, PI S. Hernández-León). B. Fernández-Castro acknowledges the receipt of FPU grant from the Spanish government (AP2010-5594).2017-05-2

IAA : Información y actualidad astronómica (40)

Sumario : La velocidad de la luz: inmersa en la oscuridad.-- Titán, el satélite con atmósfera de planeta.-- A la caza de la galaxia más lejana.-- DECONSTRUCCIÓN Y otros ENSAYOS. Richard Feynman.-- EL “MOBY DICK” DE... Enrique Pérez Montero (IAA-CSIC).-- ACTUALIDAD.-- ENTRE BASTIDORES.-- SALA LIMPIA.-- CIENCIA: PILARES E INCERTIDUMBRES. Venus.N

IAA : Información y actualidad astronómica (37)

Sumario : SgrA*: nuestro aletargado monstruo galáctico.-- Una mirada no tan limitada al universo.-- CLASH.-- CIENCIA EN HISTORIAS. Una breve, muy breve, historia de los autómatas.-- DECONSTRUCCIÓN Y otros ENSAYOS. El extraño caso de Henrietta Leavitt y Erasmus Cefeido.-- EL “MOBY DICK” DE... René Duffard (IAA-CSIC).-- ACTUALIDAD.-- ENTRE BASTIDORES.-- SALA LIMPIA.-- CIENCIA: PILARES E INCERTIDUMBRES... La misteriosa materia oscura.-- AGENDA/RECOMENDADOS.N

Vertically Aligned Hybrid Core/Shell Semiconductor Nanowires for Photonics Applications

A family of 1D organic/inorganic core/shell materials formed by an inner organic nanowire (ONW) conformally covered with an inorganic wide band gap semiconductor (ZnO or TiO 2 ) layer is presented. The developed procedure is a two-steps vacuum methodology involving the formation of supported single crystal small-molecule nanowires by physical vapor deposition and plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of the inorganic shell. Critical characteristics of the last technique are the possibilities of low temperature and remote confi guration deposition. Additionally, an initial step has to be included in order to create nucleation centers for the growth of the ONWs. The procedure and its general character in terms of the variability in organic core and inorganic shells composition and the applicability of the technique to different substrates are presented. The formation of the inorganic shell with no damage of the organic core single-crystalline structure is demonstrated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The vertical alignment of the hybrid nanostructure is achieved thanks to the interaction of the 1D organic nanostructured surfaces and the glow discharge during the deposition of the inorganic shell by PECVD. The optical properties of these core/shell NWs are studied by fl uorescence spectroscopy and microscopy, and their application as nanoscale waveguides in the 550–750 nm range addressed