Interstitial Pneumonia With Autoimmune Features: Value of Histopathology

Context- Patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia may display evidence of autoimmunity without meeting criteria for a defined connective tissue disease. A recent European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society statement proposed research criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF), which includes findings from the clinical, serologic, and morphologic domains.Objectives- To investigate the importance of histopathologic criteria within the morphologic domain and to report our methodology for identifying these features.Design- Patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia at the University of Chicago who underwent surgical lung biopsy or lung transplantation were assessed for IPAF histopathologic features, using the initial pathology interpretation in the electronic records. A focused rereview of available slides by a pulmonary pathologist was then performed for patients who failed to meet IPAF criteria on initial pathology assessment.Results- Of 422 patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, 176 (41.7%) underwent surgical lung biopsy or lung transplant. Forty-six of those 176 patients (26.1%) met IPAF criteria by initial pathology interpretation and a positive clinical or serologic feature. Of the remaining 130 patients, 73 (56.2%) met either the clinical or serologic domains without meeting the morphologic domain, whereas 36 (27.7%) had slides available for pathology rereview. This rereview demonstrated nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in 8 of 36 patients (22.2%) and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in 6 of 36 patients (16.7%), resulting in an additional 7 of 36 patients (19.4%) with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia that met the IPAF criteria. In IPAF, pulmonary vasculopathy was the most prevalent finding (45 of 84; 53.6%) and predicted increased mortality (hazard ratio, 2.5; P = .04).Conclusions- Using a methodological approach to identifying IPAF pathology, we demonstrate a significant increase in the number of patients meeting IPAF criteria because of focused pathologic review and highlight the prognostic value of the IPAF pathologic findings

Accuracies of the synthesized monochromatic CT numbers and effective atomic numbers obtained with a rapid kVp switching dual energy CT scanner

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98738/1/MPH002222.pd

Exercise and functional foods

Appropriate nutrition is an essential prerequisite for effective improvement of athletic performance, conditioning, recovery from fatigue after exercise, and avoidance of injury. Nutritional supplements containing carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals have been widely used in various sporting fields to provide a boost to the recommended daily allowance. In addition, several natural food components have been found to show physiological effects, and some of them are considered to be useful for promoting exercise performance or for prevention of injury. However, these foods should only be used when there is clear scientific evidence and with understanding of the physiological changes caused by exercise. This article describes various "functional foods" that have been reported to be effective for improving exercise performance or health promotion, along with the relevant physiological changes that occur during exercise

ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations

Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients

Upphovsrätt till alster producerade av artificiell intelligens : Alster åstadkomna av AI-system i förhållande till upphovsrättens skyddsförutsättningar

The purpose of this thesis is to study whether works produced by artificial intelligence (AI) can receive copyright protection under the Swedish Copyright Act. AI can be described as computer software built on algorithms which can perform tasks similar to humans. Traditionally, copyright laws have been based on humans creating creative and original works. Computer software, including AI-systems, have previously only been used as a tool for humans in the creation of copyrightable works. However, today’s advanced AI-systems are able to generate works without any human assistance in the creative process. Autonomous AI can produce works fully independent, creatively, unexpectedly and with self-determination. Consequently, independent AI challenges current copyright laws. The first legal challenge is whether works produced by autonomous AI systems are copyrightable as original works. Subsequently, it is unclear who, if anyone, owns the works generated by AI. This thesis argues that the harmonised originality criteria and the requirements for copyright protection under the Swedish Copyright Act are inadequate to cope with works generated by autonomous AI. This paper further states that copyright protection for works produced independently by AI is necessary to create incentives for programmers and end-users to construct and use advanced AI systems. How the originality concept and copyright ownership could be changed to incorporate works generated by autonomous AI under the copyright regime are then discussed. The issue whether copyright protection for works produced by independent AI is something desirable is also addressed