PROFILI CIVILISTICI DELLA RESPONSABILITÀ DEL MEDICO IN ITALIA: LINEAMENTI DI UNA COMPARAZIONE FRA MODELLO ITALIANO E ORDINAMENTI SPAGNOLO, FRANCESE E TEDESCO

El presente trabajo analiza la responsabilidad civil del médico en Italia en cuanto es untema de creciente interés tanto a nivel jurídico como social. Esta investigación propone unanálisis detallado de la responsabilidad civil del médico en diferentes contextos jurídicos,prestando especial atención a su evolución a lo largo del tiempo y a las perspectivas futuras.El trabajo comienza con un examen exhaustivo de los fundamentos conceptuales y jurídicosde la responsabilidad civil del médico, analizando los sujetos involucrados y los principiosfundamentales que rigen la responsabilidad médica, incluida la relación contractual con elpaciente. Posteriormente, se revisan las distintas etapas de la evolución de la jurisprudencia alo largo del tiempo y las reformas sucedidas hasta la normativa actual. Finalmente, se realizaun breve análisis comparativo de la responsabilidad médica en diferentes jurisdicciones delordenamiento europeo para ofrecer al lector una visión integral sobre la materia.La responsabilità civile del medico è un tema di crescente interesse sia a livello giuridico chesociale. Questa ricerca propone un’analisi dettagliata della responsabilità civile del medicoin diversi contesti giuridici, con particolare attenzione alla sua evoluzione nel tempo e alleprospettive future. Il lavoro inizia con una disamina approfondita delle basi concettuali egiuridiche della responsabilità civile del medico analizzando i soggetti coinvolti e i principifondamentali che regolano la responsabilità medica, inclusi il rapporto contrattuale con ilpaziente. Successivamente, si percorrono le varie tappe dell’evoluzione dell’orientamentogiurisprudenziale nel corso del tempo e le riforme succedutesi fino alla normativa attuale.Infine, viene condotta una breve analisi comparativa della responsabilità medica in diversegiurisdizioni dell’ordinamento europeo per offrire al lettore una visione corposa sulla materia

Vascular risk factors in glaucoma: the results of a national survey

Background The role of vascular risk factors in glaucoma is still being debated. To assess the importance of vascular risk factors in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), data from the medical history of 2,879 POAG patients and 973 age-matched controls were collected and analyzed. Methods Design: observational survey. Setting: 35 Italian academic centers. Study population: POAG patients and age-matched controls. In order to reduce bias consecutive patients were included. Observation procedures: data concerning vascular risk factors were collected for all patients with a detailed questionnaire. A complete ophthalmological examination with assessment of intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field, optic disc, and systemic blood pressure was performed. Main outcome measures: the ESH-ESC (European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology) guidelines were used to calculate the level of cardiovascular risk. Crude and adjusted estimates of the odds ratios (OR) were calculated for all cardiovascular risk factors in POAG and controls. Results The study included 2,879 POAG patients and 973 controls. POAG cases had a significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.001) and systolic perfusion pressure (p=0.02) as compared with controls. Also mean IOP was significantly higher in the POAG group (p=0.01), while diastolic perfusion pressure was not significantly different in the two groups. Myopia was more prevalent in the POAG group (23 vs 18%, p=0.005) as well as a positive family history for glaucoma (26 vs 12%, p= 0.004). POAG patients tended to have a higher cardiovascular risk than controls: 63% of glaucoma cases vs 55% of controls (OR: 1.38, p=0.005) had a “high” or “very high” cardiovascular risk. Conclusions The level of cardiovascular risk was significantly higher in glaucoma patients than in controls

Frequency and type of domestic injuries among children during COVID-19 lockdown: what changes from the past? An Italian multicentre cohort study

: Accidents are the main cause of injury in children, more than half events happen at home. Aims of this study were to assess if SARS-CoV-2 lockdown influence emergency department (ED) visits due to children domestic accident (DAs) and to identify factors associated with hospitalization. This was a multicentre, observational, and retrospective cohort study involving 16 EDs in Italy and enrolling children (3-13 years) receiving a visit in ED during March-June 2019 and March-June 2020. Risk factors for hospitalization were identified by logistic regression models. In total, 8860 ED visits due to domestic accidents in children occurred before (4380) and during (4480) lockdown, with a mean incidence of DA of 5.6% in 2019 and 17.9% in 2020 (p < 0.001) (IRR: 3.16; p < 0.001). The risk of hospitalization was influenced by the type of occurred accident, with fourfold higher for poisoning and twofold lower risk for stab-wound ones. In addition, a higher risk was reported for lockdown period vs 2019 (OR: 1.9; p < 0.001), males (OR: 1.4; p < 0.001), and it increased with age (OR: 1.1; p < 0.001).    Conclusions: The main limitation of this study is the retrospective collection of data, available only for patients who presented at the hospital. This does highlight possible differences in the total number of incidents that truly occurred. In any case, the COVID-19 lockdown had a high impact on the frequency of DAs and on hospitalization. A public health campaign aimed at caregivers would be necessary to minimize possible risks at home. What is Known: • In Italy, domestic accidents are the second leading cause of paediatric mortality after cancer. • During the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in 2020, a sharp decrease in the total number of Emergency Departments visits for all causes was observed, both in children and in adults. What is New: • During the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in 2020, domestic accidents involving children increased threefold from the previous year. • Higher risk of hospitalization was showed in minors accessing during 2020 vs 2019, in males than in females and it increased with advancing age. Considering the type of injury, a significant higher risk of hospitalization for poisoning was observed

Application of NAT-traversal Techniques to Decentralized Cloud Storage

The Information-Communication Technolgies (ICT) world is heading towards an increasingly interconnected network of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this scenario is of particular importance to provide techniques which can simplify the direct communication of devices over a wide area network. These techniques include methods to traverse so-called Network Address Translators (NAT) since they restrict the end-to-end principle of the first Internet’s design. With this background, this work aims to collect all the state of the art techniques to connect devices directly and to describe each of them giving pro and cons. To better provide an example of how important these solutions are nowadays, some of them have also been implemented and described in a real- world project: Cubbit. Cubbit is a distributed cloud service which leverage on a swarm of interconnected IoT devices to provide a fast, reliable and secure cloud storage platform. To do so, the software splits, encrypts and spreads the files across the network to make them retrievable later. Because of its peer-to-peer nature, the project is also subject to the connectivity issues caused by NATs, and it has been a perfect playground to explore the described techniques practically

The electron transport system of the facultative phototroph Rhodoferax fermentans. I. A functional, thermodynamic and spectroscopic study of the respiratory chain of dark- and light-grown cells

AbstractMembranes isolated from light- and dark-grown cells of the recently established new taxon of the purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodoferax fermentans, gen. nov., sp. nov., have been examined. The results have been interpreted to show that the oxidative electron transport chain is branched at the ubiquinone level and does not involve rhodoquinone. Dark-grown membranes contain four b-type and three c-type membrane-bound cytochromes with Em7.0 of +371, +315, +76 and −18 mV and +298, +201 and +44 mV, respectively. No significant amount of soluble c was found in aerobic cells. Conversely, photosynthetically grown cells contain a soluble c-type haem (αmax at 551 nm, Em7.0 = +287 mV), four membrane-bound c-type haems with Em7.0 of +358, +296, +78 and −1 mV and three cytochromes b with Em7.0 of +320, +30 and −50 mV. Notably, the absence of cyt b-371 from light-grown membranes parallels the very low rate of cyt c oxidase activity catalyzed by this type of membrane. Oxido-reduction kinetics demonstrated that most of the c-type haems detected in light-grown membranes are not involved in respiration. These data suggest that the facultative phototroph Rf. fermentans is endowed with an electron transport system different rrom that of typical facultative phototrophs, e.g., Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum species, but similar to that of green- and purple-nonsulfur genera such as Chloroflexus, Rhodocyclus and Rhodopseudomonas

An Alternative Information Plan

We present and evaluate an alternative architecture for data storage in distributed networks that ensure privacy and security, we call RAIN1 . The RAIN network architecture offers a distributed file storage service that: (1) has privacy by design, (2) is open source, (3) is more secure, (4) is scalable, (5) is more sustainable, (6) has community ownership, (7) is inexpensive, (8) is potentially faster, more efficient and reliable. RAIN has the potential to democratize and disrupt cloud storage by eliminating the middle-man: the large centralized data centers. Further, we propose that a RAIN style privacy and security by design architecture could form the backbone of multiple current and future infrastructures ranging from online services, cryptocurrency, to part of government administration

An Alternative Information Plan

We present and evaluate an alternative architecture for data storage in distributed networks that ensure privacy and security, we call RAIN1 . The RAIN network architecture offers a distributed file storage service that: (1) has privacy by design, (2) is open source, (3) is more secure, (4) is scalable, (5) is more sustainable, (6) has community ownership, (7) is inexpensive, (8) is potentially faster, more efficient and reliable. RAIN has the potential to democratize and disrupt cloud storage by eliminating the middle-man: the large centralized data centers. Further, we propose that a RAIN style privacy and security by design architecture could form the backbone of multiple current and future infrastructures ranging from online services, cryptocurrency, to part of government administration