The Importance of Creative Thinking and the Arts in Education

An in-depth literature review covering the benefits and advantages of the arts and creative thinking in the public education system

Role of the erythrocyte and subsequent ATP release in blood flow and oxygen delivery to the human forearm during hypoxic exercise, The

2014 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Hypoxia and exercise each cause ATP to be released from the erythrocyte, increasing vasodilation to match the blood flow and oxygen demands of the exercising skeletal muscle tissue (Bergfeld & Forrester, 1992; Ellsworth, 2004; Gonzalez-Alonso, Olsen, & Saltin, 2002). However, few studies have examined the extent to which ATP can be released from the erythrocyte, especially due to hypoxic exercise. We hypothesized that hypoxic exercise would cause further augmentation in erythrocyte-derived ATP release, vasodilation, and blood flow. To test this hypothesis, in 10 healthy young adults, blood samples were taken from a deep venous catheter inserted into the experimental arm and analyzed to determine and compare the amount of ATP released under normoxic and then hypoxic exercise. Forearm blood flow (FBF; Doppler ultrasound) and vascular conductance (FVC) responses to submaximal rhythmic forearm handgrip exercise (15% maximal voluntary contraction) in normoxia and during systemic hypoxia (80% arterial oxygen saturation; pulse oximetry) were measured and calculated, respectively. Compared to normoxic rest, 3 minutes of normoxic exercise significantly increased plasma ATP (45±4 nmol/L vs 101±22 nmol/L; P<0.05). Plasma ATP with hypoxic exercise was only significantly greater than normoxic rest at 30 seconds (114±4 nmol/L; P<0.05) and 3 minutes (84±12 nmol/L; P<0.05) of exercise. ATP collected at any time point with 3 minutes of hypoxic exercise was not significantly greater than with 3 minutes of normoxic exercise (P=NS). Forearm blood flow 3 minutes of hypoxic exercise (250±26 ml min-1; P<0.05) were both greater than with normoxic exercise (201±21 ml min-1; P<0.05) or normoxic rest (29±4 ml min-1; P<0.05). Forearm vascular conductance was greater with hypoxic exercise (257±29 ml min1 (100mmHg) -1; P<0.05) than with normoxic exercise (212±23 ml min-1(100mmHg) -1; P<0.05) or normoxic rest (33±4 ml min-1(100mmHg) -1; P<0.05). As plasma ATP did not continually increase with hypoxic exercise, we conclude that hypoxic exercise may not be a strong enough stimulus for erythrocyte-derived ATP release. Despite a lack in ATP release, FBF and FVC were still maintained, suggesting that ATP may not be as important for vasodilation, enhanced blood flow, and oxygen delivery to the skeletal muscle as previously thought. Other factors involved in vasodilation and blood flow augmentation during hypoxic exercise warrant further investigation

Parningsperioden hos svensk skogsren

Ett f&aring;tal parningar skedde innan 1/10 och huvuddelen sker inom en 2-veckorsperiod i bor jan av oktober, varefter parningssasongen stracker sej in i november

Differences in Convention: Serious vs. Comic in Turn-of-the-Century British Literature (1885-1915)

This thesis attempts to prove that the serious fiction of the late Victorian, the Edwardian, and early modernist eras of British literature differs fundamentally from the comic fiction of the same region and period in the way that it deals with chance. In serious works, authors do not allow acts of chance to dictate the responses of their characters, while the authors of comic works seem to be under no such restriction. To prove that this difference in convention exists, the thesis examines works from a handful of representative authors. For the serious, the thesis examines Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles. The Mayor of Casterbridge. and Jude the Obscure. W. Somerset Maugham’s Liza of Lambeth and Of Human Bondage, and D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers and The Rainbow. For the comic, the thesis examines Jerome K. Jerome’s Three Men in a Boat and Tommy and Co. and P. G. Wodehouse’s The White Feather, Psmith in the City, and My Man. Jeeves