GLOBAL MOBILITY, SHIFTING BORDERS AND URBAN CITIZENSHIP

Global migration has reached historic levels affecting every single country in the world. One of the most significant effects of this heightened mobility has been that a growing proportion of the residents of migrant receiving places lack national citizenship and are thus deprived of effective sociopolitical inclusion, representation, and participation in the localities where they have moved to for work, refuge or retirement. This disjuncture between the spaces of citizenship and daily life, in turn, has led to a devolution of citizenship claims-making from national to urban space. This paper begins by identifying four key political economic developments operating at the global scale that have unsettled the established view of the close correspondence between nationhood and citizenship. It then focuses on the uses and limits of the increasingly voluble discourse on 'the right to the city' as a way to create alternative political spaces in which variously excluded groups of urban inhabitants might empower themselves. Three strikingly different examples of widely diverse group actions and state responses to illustrate the practical strengths and limits of 'the right to the city' discourse are narrated. We end by offering what we believe to be a more useful way to envisage and analyse the interplay between global mobility and urban citizenship. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG.

Mycotoxins in beverages: Occurrence, regulation, economic impact and cost-effectiveness of preventive and removal methods

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.The risk of mycotoxins is a global issue and nowadays there is an increasing concern with their potential effects on human health. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi, whose occurrence in beverages is global. Worldwide regulations (with significant emphasis in the EU) are paying special attention to this matter and many beverages have been already affected by regulations establishing maximum levels of mycotoxins. Ochratoxin A, patulin, Alternaria toxins, deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxin M1 are the most commonly mycotoxins found in beverages. All of them have been shown to cause health hazards and are related to significant economic losses in the beverage industry. This chapter provides an overview of the prevalence of mycotoxins, related current global legislation, and their economic impact on beverages. Finally, several actual methods to prevent and remove mycotoxins from beverages are reviewed and a brief analysis about the need to conduct further research about the cost effectiveness of these methods is provided.Peer reviewe