Characteristics of the Identification and Protection of Personal Data and Privacy Rights in China

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A Real Option for Justice? The International Crimes Division of the High Court of Kenya

One and a half years since the International Crimes Division (ICD) in the High Court of Kenya was first proposed by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) in its report of October 20121 , there has been little concrete movement towards actually setting up the Division. This is not in itself a criticism; such processes should take the time necessary to achieve the desired results. However, apart from publishing the report, making several 'bench-marking' visits to other countries and holding two low-key workshops, the JSC seems to have made little progress towards actualising an ICD. Despite this inertia, the Division continues to be touted in official circles as a potential answer to providing justice for victims of post-election violence as well as a potential replacement of the ICC ongoing process

Establishment of Privacy Rights in China and its Specialities

The spread of modern information technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data has significantly changed the lives of the population. Governments have also introduced policies that utilise information technologies to solve social problems. Because of this change, information derived from the population is considered an essential resource when there is an apparent conflict between the government and the people. Accordingly, the question of how the population's privacy rights should be protected in such a situation has become the focus of recent attention. However, recognition and protection of privacy rights diverges by country, especially depending on political structure, social situation, and cultural basis. First, it is essential to clarify the reality of privacy rights in China, which has entirely different values from Western society. It is true that in recent years, China has established legislation to protect privacy rights and personal information; however, at the same time, the Government of China has introduced modern information technologies such as AI, Big Data, facial recognition systems and gathering personal information on the population (for example, a social crediting system prepared for its introduction and Health Code as a COVID-19 measure). While foreign states criticise such policies as an infringement of privacy, domestic voices in China demonstrate high appreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify how privacy protection and associated specialities have been established. In this paper, the specialities of privacy protection in China are analysed. Unlike Western societies that focus on freedom and dignity within the private sector, China protects the safety of individuals while solving social problems by prioritising public welfare.departmental bulletin pape

The Impact of Sustainable Empowerment Interventions on Women's Development in Nigeria

This study addresses the persistent gender disparities in Nigeria that constrain women's economic participation and socio-cultural agency, impeding inclusive national development. Despite numerous empowerment initiatives, challenges remain regarding their sustainability and transformative impact. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative data from 361 women participants across six geopolitical zones with qualitative insights from thematic interviews, ensuring a robust triangulation of evidence. The quantitative analysis utilises descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS, while qualitative data undergo rigorous thematic coding to capture nuanced experiences of empowerment interventions. This method provided a comprehensive understanding of measurable outcomes as well as the social dynamics influencing sustainability. Findings reveal that while recent programmes have enhanced financial inclusion and entrepreneurial growth among beneficiaries, critical gaps persist, which notably includes- inadequate knowledge management, limited integration within local governance frameworks, over-reliance on external funding, and insufficient engagement of male allies, which undermines long-term effectiveness. Furthermore, rural women remain disproportionately marginalised, partly due to literacy barriers and fragmented intervention delivery systems. The study underscores the vital role of normative transformation in reshaping gender attitudes to ensure enduring empowerment. Based on these insights, it is recommended that empowerment initiatives institutionalise knowledge management systems to safeguard operational continuity and prioritise embedding interventions within community and governance structures to enhance ownership. Diversifying funding streams through local partnerships and income-generating activities is crucial for financial sustainability. Additionally, deliberately involving male stakeholders can foster supportive environments that challenge entrenched social norms. By prioritising these strategies, programmes can move beyond short-term impacts to achieve sustainable, culturally embedded empowerment. This research contributes uniquely by advancing a holistic sustainability framework that integrates economic outcomes with normative and institutional dimensions, offering policymakers and practitioners a nuanced blueprint to enhance women’s empowerment in Nigeria and beyond

Determinants of Coping Strategies to Floods and Droughts in Multiple Geo-Ecological Zones

Floods and droughts—the most frequent water-related hazards are negatively impacting livelihoods across the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan African countries, where poverty remains endemic. Naturally, victims adopt different coping strategies against burgeoning hydro-meteorological hazards. Contemporary research on determinants for coping decisions in SSA has been largely driven by isolated case studies, of little relevance for broad-based policy making. We analyze the determinants for coping with floods and droughts across multiple geo-ecological zones in Cameroon. Quantitative data primarily obtained from 2024 flood and drought household victims in the Western Highlands and Sudano-Sahelian Upland geo-ecological zones are analyzed alongside qualitative data obtained through 31 FGDs and 99 IDIs using descriptive statistics and regression analysis in MS Excel 2013 and SPSS 20 for the questionnaires and content analysis in Nvivo 11 for the unstructured interviews. Results reveal government policy, socio-cultural, economic and educational factors, and hazard experience as major shapers of coping decisions, irrespective of hazard type, timing and geo-ecology (P = 0.05). In contrast to the state-of-the-art, we observed livelihoods improvement after some hazardous events. The policy implications for long-term coping and resilience building are then discussed

Corporate branding strategies in shaping the identity of Kenya Copyright Board (KECOBO)

Corporate branding is fundamental in shaping the identity and public image of organizations dealing with regulatory institutions like the Kenya Copyright Board (KECOBO). KECOBO is still struggling to create a well-defined identity despite several initiatives as a result of limited knowledge, restricted resources, and the ever-evolving digital copyright environment. This study examined how corporate branding strategies affect the organizational identity of KECOBO. The study aimed at identifying the extent to which marketing initiatives influence the organizational identity of KECOBO, the extent to which brand awareness has an effect on KECOBO’s corporate identity, the extent to which public perception influences KECOBO’s branding, and finally, the extent to which brand extension strategies affect KECOBO’s corporate identity. The study, using organizational identity theory and corporate reputation theory, adopted a descriptive research design to study the internal and external perspectives of branding. The targeted population included the head of communication at KECOBO and 10,000 registered copyright holders like authors, artists, publishers, and performers.By using Yamane’s formula, a sample of 385 was taken, out of which one was purposively sampled and the rest were sampled by the stratified random sampling method from the National Rights Registry. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data in the study. Reliability was tested. Cronbach’s alpha value for all the key constructs was above 0.75, showing high reliability. Expert review and pilot testing confirmed the validity. The similarity test ensured construct validity. The survey results found that KECOBO marketing was effective according to 72.4% of the respondents, while the other 27.6% found it ineffective. Thus, there is a need for more targeted and digitally adaptive strategies. Overall brand awareness was moderate but uneven—13% of respondents said they were not very familiar with KECOBO, indicating communication gaps with emerging stakeholders. KECOBO received a positive rating from the public survey. The respondents showed that they trust KECOBO at 72.1% but do not view it as different from the government at 58.7%. Interestingly, 65% of the respondents supported KECOBO’s brand extension initiatives, while only 48.5% of them were aware of KECOBO’s brand extension initiative. The findings indicate that although KECOBO’s branding has a functional base, more attention must be paid to segmented marketing, experience-driven trust building, and planned brand-extension roll-out. This study also includes recommendations about how to improve clarity, stakeholder engagement, and organizational identity of a brand

An assessment of risk management practices : A case of Evangelical Association of Malawi.

Today, organisations operate in a more dynamic and uncertain environment that exposes them to all kinds of risks, thus making risk an important aspect of any entity strategy. Consequently risk management has begun a strategic tool for development as well as for achieving organisational goals. Despite numerous studies on risk management, currently, risk management is still a business practice that is under studied in the developing countries and more so in Faith Based Organisations. Hence, this study aimed to assess the risk management practices in EAM. The study adopted an interpretivist philosophy. A case study strategy and a multiple data collection tools and sources were used (triangulation) to collect data from twenty- five purposively selected key informants in EAM. Content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data collected. The analysis focused mainly on the themes that emerged from the data namely; value of risk management, potential risks, current risk management practices, critical success factors for an effective risk management in EAM. The findings reviewed inadequate funding, human resources, sustainability of projects, and economic instability risks as the most significant risks in EAM. In addition, it was observed that EAM has tried to put some measures to address some of its risks especially on financial matters. However, there is neither structured risk management process nor a wide-organisational risk management approach. The study identified risk management policy, appointment of risk manager, adequate resources allocation and capacity building on risk management as the most critical success factors for an effective risk management in EAM. This study recommends EAM to adopt an enterprise-wide approach to risk that ensures a more proactive, consistent and greater responsiveness to risk management approach