Dampak Strategi Dual Safeguard Web-based Interactive (Dgwi) dengan Model Problem Based Learning (Pbl) terhadap Penguasaan Konsep Siswa pada Materi Suhu dan Kalor

This study aims to determine differences in students' mastery of concepts before and after learning through DGWI strategy with PBL models in matter Temperature and Heat. The study was conducted in SMA Negeri 4 Malang with a sample of 31 students. Data analysis techniques in this study using the different test with paired samples t-test. The results showed there are differences between the students' mastery of concepts before and after learning through DGWI strategy with PBL models. The average student mastery of the concept of pre-test is higher than the post-test, which increased from 41.955% to 69.637% with effect size d-value of 2.667 (trong) and N-gain categorized "moderate"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan penguasaan konsep siswa sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan pembelajaran melalui strategi DGWI dengan model PBL pada materi Suhu dan Kalor. Penelitian dilakukan di SMA Negeri 4 Malang dengan sampel 31 siswa. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan uji beda yakni dengan paired samples t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan penguasaan konsep siswa antara sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan pembelajaran melalui strategi DGWI dengan model PBL. Rata-rata penguasaan konsep siswa pre-test lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan post-test, yaitu meningkat dari 41,955% menjadi 69,637% dengan nilai d-effect size sebesar 2,667 (kuat) dan N-gain dikategorikan sedang”

Flywheel Generator

Lately, the needs of energy is increasing but its availability is very limited. Therefore,it is important to do more research on energy reform. Generator is one of the alternative energy which commonly used by the public, but it has a minus value such as the voltage instability and low efficiency of the generator . Based on those issues,so we made an application flywheel in electrical generator, which aims to produce a concept of power efficiency increase, stabilize the output voltage of the generator and begin to process power plant. How to operate it is by connecting the outlet of electricity, then TPDT converted to first position (position I), when the indicator light on the generator turns on, TPDT converted into the second position (position II) and began to process power plant.Making process of flywheel application machine in electrical generator start from designing of flywheel mechanims, find the amount of rotation per minute from generator (by experiments), find element of machine which uses(shaft,pin, chain, sprocket, bearing and flywheel), the value of power and the output value of generator. from the results of design of the machine is needed a 700watt with 1500 rpm motor with a transmission system using chain no.25, 10,5 kg mass of flywheel, and the maximum output power from generator 1200watt for 12 minutes

Thermodynamic properties and structural stability of thorium dioxide

Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have systematically investigated the thermodynamic properties and structural stabilities of thorium dioxide (ThO$_2$). Based on the calculated phonon dispersion curves, we calculate the thermal expansion coefficient, bulk modulus, and heat capacities at different temperatures for ThO$_2$ under the quasi-harmonic approximation. All the results are in good agreement with corresponding experiments proving the validity of our methods. Our theoretical studies can help people more clearly understand the thermodynamic behaviors of ThO$_2$ at different temperatures. In addition, we have also studied possible defect formations and diffusion behaviors of helium in ThO$_2$, to discuss its structural stability. It is found that in intrinsic ThO$_2$ without any Fermi energy shifts, the interstitial Th$_i^{4+}$ defect other than oxygen or thorium vacancies, interstitial oxygen, and any kinds of Frenkel pairs, is most probable to form with an energy release of 1.74 eV. However, after upshifting the Fermi energy, the formation of the other defects also becomes possible. For helium diffusion, we find that only through the thorium vacancy can it happen with the small energy barrier of 0.52 eV. Otherwise, helium atoms can hardly incorporate or diffuse in ThO$_2$. Our results indicate that people should prevent upshifts of the Fermi energy of ThO$_2$ to avoid the formation of thorium vacancies and so as to prevent helium caused damages.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure

Diagnosis and outcome of congenital hyperammonemias

A total of 21 patients were admitted to Aga Khan University Hospital with suspected congenital hyperammonemias during the period 1989 to 1992, 11 with acidosis and 10 without acidosis. Prominent clinical manifestations included positive family history (76%), onset in the first week of life (67%) and neurological manifestations (76%). Of patients with hyperammonemia and acidosis, 4 had severe metabolic acidosis with anion gap of 30mEq/L and above. Of patients with hyperammonemia without acidosis, 4 had ammonia level ranging from 1600-2000 micrograms/dl. Diagnosis was confirmed in only 1 patient and that was also done abroad. Overall mortality was 71%. These disorders are not uncommon in our country and should be suspected in all infants with above clinical or biochemical abnormalities

Inherited metabolic disorders in Pakistan: Presentation, diagnosis and outcome of congenital hyperammonemias

A total of 21 patients were admitted to Aga Khan University Hospital with suspected congenital hyperammonemias during the period 1989 to 1992. There were 11 patients with acidosis and 10 patients were without acidosis. Prominent clinical manifestations included positive family history (76%), onset in the first week of life (67%) and neurological manifestations (76%). Of patients with hyperammonemia and acidosis, 4 had severe metabolic acidosis with anion gap of 30mEq/L and above. Of patients with hyperammonemia without acidosis, 4 had ammonia level ranging from 1600-2000 mg/dl. Diagnosis was confirmed in only 1 patient and that was also done abroad. Overall mortality was 71%. In conclusion, these disorders are not uncommon in our country and should be suspected in all infants with above clinical or biochemical abnormalities

Clonal karyotype evolution involving ring chromosome 1 with myelodysplastic syndrome subtype RAEB-t progressing into acute leukemia

s Karyotypic evolution is a well-known phenomenon in patients with malignant hernatological disorders during disease progression. We describe a 50-year-old male patient who had originally presented with pancytopenia in October 1992. The diagnosis of a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) FAB subtype RAEB-t was established in April 1993 by histological bone marrow (BM) examination, and therapy with low-dose cytosine arabinoside was initiated. In a phase of partial hernatological remission, cytogenetic assessment in August 1993 revealed a ring chromosome 1 in 13 of 21 metaphases beside BM cells with normal karyotypes {[}46,XY,r(1)(p35q31)/46,XY]. One month later, the patient progressed to an acute myeloid leukemia (AML), subtype M4 with 40% BM blasts and cytogenetic examination showed clonal evolution by the appearance of additional numerical aberrations in addition to the ring chromosome{[}46,XY,r(1),+8,-21/45,XY,r(1),+8,-21,-22/46, XY]. Intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy was applied to induce remission in preparation for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from the patient's HLA-compatible son. After BMT, complete remission was clinically, hematologically and cytogenetically (normal male karyotype) confirmed. A complete hematopoietic chimerism was demonstrated. A relapse in January 1997 was successfully treated using donor lymphocyte infusion and donor peripheral blood stem cells (PB-SC) in combination with GM-CSF as immunostimulating agent in April 1997, and the patient's clinical condition remained stable as of January 2005. This is an interesting case of a patient with AML secondary to MDS. With the ring chromosome 1 we also describe a rare cytogenetic abnormality that predicted the poor prognosis of the patient, but the patient could be cured by adoptive immunotherapy and the application of donor's PB-SC. This case confirms the value of cytogenetic analysis in characterizing the malignant clone in hernatological neoplasias, the importance of controlling the quality of an induced remission and of the detection of a progress of the disease. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

Necrotizing enterocolitis in infants weighing less than 2000 G

Over a 4 year period, nine of 180 (5%) infants weighing less than 2000 G, admitted to the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). An outbreak of NEC occurred in 1989, during which six infants developed the clinical illness. Overall incidence was 1.1%. Thirty-one birth weight and gestation matched controls were selected for comparison. Risk factors usually considered as predisposing factors, i.e., low 5 min Apgar score, rate of maternal complications, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, umbilical catheterisation, patient ductus arteriosus, use of antibiotics and feeding practices were found with equal frequency in both cases and controls. Six infants had positive blood and/or peritoneal fluid cultures (66%) compared to only five (16%) in the control group (P less than 0.01). Our data suggests that prematurity and sepsis are important predisposing factors for development of NEC