Rancang Bangun Panel Auto Transfer Switch (ATS) Pada Sistem Hybrid PLN – Panel Surya Berbasis Timer Switch

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengimplementasikan panel Auto Transfer Switch (ATS) pada sistem hybrid PLN - panel surya berbasis timer switch. Penelitian ini mengumpulkan data arus listrik dan tegangan dari PLN dan panel surya saat digunakan dengan beban lampu 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25 watt. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arus listrik dari PLN dan panel surya bervariasi dengan beban lampu yang digunakan. Arus listrik dari PLN adalah 0,03 A, 0,06 A, 0,09 A, 0,12 A, dan 0,15 A, dengan tegangan terhitung sebesar 166 Volt. Sementara itu, arus listrik dari panel surya adalah 0,03 A, 0,06 A, 0,09 A, 0,13 A, dan 0,16 A, dengan tegangan terhitung sebesar 166 Volt, 153 Volt, dan 156 Volt. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga memperhitungkan jeda waktu perpindahan dari PLN ke panel surya, yang memiliki nilai sebesar 1,60 detik. Penghematan yang dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan sistem hybrid ini adalah sebesar Rp. 19.468. Dengan menggunakan panel ATS yang dirancang dan diimplementasikan dalam sistem hybrid ini, pengguna dapat secara otomatis beralih antara sumber daya PLN dan panel surya berdasarkan waktu yang telah ditentukan. Hal ini dapat membantu pengguna mengoptimalkan penggunaan energi dan menghemat biaya listrik

Effect of Operating Temperature on Yield of Liquid Products in the Pyrolysis Process of Used Tires into Fuel Oil

Used tires are one of the wastes generated from both two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of used tire waste because vehicle users are increasing. The utilization of used tire waste is still very small, so a method is needed to convert used tire waste into valuable materials. One method that can be used to transform used tire waste is the pyrolysis method which can convert used tire waste into fuel. The pyrolysis process of waste tires uses raw materials from used tires that have been cut into pieces with a size of 10 × 10 cm. The waste tires used are two-wheeled (motorcycle) tires. This process uses temperatures in the range of 400-600 °C. The temperature range is to find the most optimal operating temperature that can be used to convert used tire waste into liquid products without using a catalyst. Waste tires that have been cut to the desired size are put into a batch reactor of 2 kg and heated to a predetermined temperature of 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C for 1 hour. In this study, two types of products were obtained: liquid and solid. The liquid product results from the gas cooling process produced by using a condenser. Under these operating conditions, the yields of liquid products at temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C were 39.32; 39.02; 42.58; 42.11; and 41.84 %wt, respectively. The process is carried out for 1 hour in the reactor by maintaining a predetermined operating temperature. The solid product obtained is residual pyrolysis charcoal which cannot be decomposed with the yield obtained at temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C, respectively, 40.73; 41.54; 38.82; 37.68, and 35.91 %wt