An Analysis of Exports and Growth in Pakistan

The paper examines the export-led growth (ELG) paradigm for Pakistan, using data of the period from 1970-71 to 2003-04. The paper uses a number of analytical tools, including Unit Root Test, Phillips- Perron Tests, Co-integration Johansen Test, and the Granger Tests. The paper sets three hypotheses for testing the ELG paradigm for Pakistan; (a) whether GDP and exports are cointegrated, (b) whether exports Granger cause growth, and (c) whether exports Granger cause investment. The time series data on GDP growth, export growth and investment GDP ratio (proxy for capital formation), and the labour employed were used. The data were tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips-Perron test (1988), and then the relationship between GDP growth rate and the growth rate of other variables was determined using OLS with AR (1). The major finding of the present study is that growth rate of export, total investment, and labour employed have positively affected the GDP growth rate

GAYA PEMOTONGAN PADA PROSES MENGGURDI PAPAN PARTIKEL KAYU MERANTI

Proses gurdi adalah proses pemesinan yang paling sederhana di antara proses pemesinan yang lain. Gaya potong merupakan beberapa karakteristik kualitas yang kritis dari proses gurdi yang meliputi kecepatan spindel, kecepatan pemakanan, dan diameter pahat potong memiliki pengaruh terhadap ukuran kualitas tersebut. Oleh karena, itu, suatu optimasi untuk mendapatkan gaya potong yang minimum . Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan proses gurdi pada papan partikel kayu meranti dengan memvariasikan parameter proses pemesinan yaitu, kecepatan spindel 1000, 3000, 5000 rpm, kecepatan pemakanan 75, 150, 225 mm/menit, dan diameter pahat potong 10, 12, 14 mm. Untuk mengetahui besarnya gaya yang terjadi pada setiap proses pemesinan tersebut diukur dengan mengunakan dynamometer kistler Type 9272 dan didapatkan gaya potong maksimum pada proses gurdi pada kecepatan spindel 5000 rpm, kecepatan pemakanan 225 mm/menit, dan diameter pahat potong 14 mm yaitu 435.1826 N. Sedangkan gaya potong minimum terjadi pada proses gurdi pada kecepatan 1000 rpm, kecepatan pemakanan 75 mm/menit, dan diameter pahat potong 10 mm yaitu 31.0516 N

EXPLORATION THE STUDENTS REASONING IN SOLVING TRIGONOMETRY PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF THE ABILITY OF LOGICAL THINKING

Reasoning has been researched by many experts. However, the research of students in reasoning in solving Trigonometry is not sufficient. This research is a qualitative research used to explore students' reasoning in Trigonometry based on logical ability and comparation between subjects with high-logic ability and subjects with medium-logic ability. The instruments in this research are the researchers themselves as the main instrument guided by math-problems solving task and valid and reliable interview manual. The data collection is done by task-based interview. The subjects of the research is the XII-IPA students which consists of 2 people. The research process follows these stages : (a) formulate the reasoning indicators in solving math problems based on relevant theory and research, (b) formulate valid and reliable supporting instruments (math problems solving task and interview manual), (c) collecting the research subject by giving logical ability test, (d) data collecting to reveal students' reasoning in solving math problems, (e) conclude the research result. The result shows: (1) the similar method between the high-logic subject and the medium-logic subject is in solving each Trigonometry question, they always start with inductive reasoning and then continue with deductive reasoning, (2) the difference between the subjects reasoning of high-logic ability and medium-logic ability was on the process of reasoning between two those two subjects on each of problem solving according to Polya’s steps. Based on the result, the students' reasoning can be a reference in developing math learning model to improve students reasoning abilty base on logical thinking. Keyword : Mathematics Reasoning, Logical Thinkin

Contribution of Onion Seed Production to Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of Malakand Division, Pakistan

According to the latest estimates, roughly one-third of the total population of the developing countries live in poverty, majority of which are rural inhabitants (as reported 35 percent of the Pakistani rural mass). In Pakistan, the income distribution has worsened in the rural areas while it has marginally improved in urban areas during the period 1979 through 1996-97 [Pakistan (2001)]. The rural poverty is continuously feeding unemployment through migration of unskilled people to the urban areas. Poverty reduction is a priority area for Pakistan. The government is taking measures for addressing problems of the poor who are the most vulnerable amongst the different socioeconomic groups. Poverty alleviation is the main focus of the government in addition to develop physical infrastructure in rural areas and remove income disparities between income groups and regions. The government of Pakistan has initiated measures to poverty reduction through establishing number of institutions namely Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, Micro-credit Bank (Khushali Bank), Pakistan Baitual Mal, Income Safety Nets, and launching Khushal Pakistan Programme and Food Support Programme. All these programmes are aiming at helping poor and hungry people by providing them food for temporary relief and micro credit for initiating sustainable economic activities. Since the majority of our population is living in rural areas, so the government is diverting more resources to improve the access for rural services and encourage greater participation in economic activities through creating employment opportunities. The programmes in education, health and population sectors have been specifically designed to extend socioeconomic opportunities to rural poor.

Chemically cross-linked poly(acrylic-co-vinylsulfonic) acid hydrogel for the delivery of isosorbide mononitrate.

We report synthesis, characterization, and drug release attributes of a series of novel pH-sensitive poly(acrylic-co-vinylsulfonic) acid hydrogels. These hydrogels were prepared by employing free radical polymerization using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) as cross-linker and initiator, respectively. Effect of acrylic acid (AA), polyvinylsulfonic acid (PVSA), and EGDMA on prepared hydrogels was investigated. All formulations showed higher swelling at high pHs and vice versa. Formulations containing higher content of AA and EGDMA show reduced swelling, but one with higher content of PVSA showed increased swelling. Hydrogel network was characterized by determining structural parameters and loaded with isosorbide mononitrate. FTIR confirmed absence of drug polymer interaction while DSC and TGA demonstrated molecular dispersion of drug in a thermally stable polymeric network. All the hydrogel formulations exhibited a pH dependent release of isosorbide mononitrate which was found to be directly proportional to pH of the medium and PVSA content and inversely proportional to the AA contents. Drug release data were fitted to various kinetics models. Results indicated that release of isosorbide mononitrate from poly(AA-co-VSA) hydrogels was non-Fickian and that the mechanism was diffusion-controlled