Nyamuk Vektor Malaria Dan Hubungannya Dengan Aktivitas Kehidupan Manusia Di Indonesia

. Nyamuk merupakan organisme hidup yang tersebar di berbagai penjuru dunia, yang sebagian besar dapat merugikan bagi kehidupan manusia karena perannya dapat menyebar luaskan penyakit menular (penyakit tular vektor) diantaranya malaria, demam berdarah, radang otak hencephalitis, filaria, chikungunya. Tidak semua spesies nyamuk betina dapat berperan sebagai penular penyakit hanya beberapa saja diantaranya genus Anopheles, culex, Aedes dan Mansonia. Penyakit penting yang dapat ditularkan oleh keempat genus tersebut adalah malaria, filaria, demam berdarah dan Japanese encephalitis. Tujuan dari penulisan ini mengkaji sejahu mana nyamuk Anopheles dapat menimbulkan masalah kesehatan masyarakat serta sebarannya yang terkait dengan aktivitas kehidupan manusia di Indonesia. Berbagai aktivitas manusia dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap tempat perkembangbiakan bagi kehidupan nyamuk, apabila tempat-tempat tersebut tidak terawat /terkontrol dengan baik. Hal ini akan memberikan kerugian bagi manusia sendiri, karena populasi nyamuk bertambah memberi peluang kontak gigitan nyamuk terhadap manusia. Spesies nyamuk vektor tertentu mempunyai kaitan erat dengan aktivitas kehidupan manusia dari mulai pengelolaan lahan sawah, tambak ikan, perkebunan, peternakan, menampung air sampai pembuangan air limbah rumah tangga akan memberikan peluang nyamuk untuk berkembangbiak. Pada umumnya vektor malaria di Indonesia mempunyai sifat perilaku zoojilik dan sedikit antropojilik yang berbeda pada setiap daerah endemis, dan bersifat eksofagik, eksojilik berbeda pula sebagai parameter entomologi kesehatan

Analisis Pendapat Khalifah Umar Bin Khattab Tentang Penundaan Penarikan Zakat Binatang Ternak Kambing Yang Telah Mencapai Nisab

Caliph Umar ibn al-Khat}t}a>b had delayed withdrawal charity goats. Thoughthere are number of goats has reached nishab. It is applied to an area in theHejaz region whwn it was hit by drought. Of course this is being debated.Though Umar is one of the companions are known firm ini carrying out their religious duties. The results of this research are, first, the withdrawal delay zakat animals that have reached only apply to animals that have been hit by the famine years (rama>dah). Umar's policy gave alms to the people who have goats nishab number based on the condition of the person is also experiencing difficulties. One henred goat that he had no significant influence on survival at the time. Umar suspending withdrawal zakat to muzakki despite his wealth has reached nishab, due to difficulties and distress. Second, the vocabulary knowledge of fiqh, delay the withdrawal of zakat is must. Althought the jurist. Emphasizes that zakat is paid immediately. What is done by delaying the withdrawal of zakat Umar made one considered by some scholars to allow delaying the payment of zakat. And third, the condition of Indonesia's disaster-prone, makes delay the withdrawal of zakat by Umar could be pne of the considerations to delay payment of zakat to an area back to the state as usual

Analisis Akad Ijarah Muntahiyabittamlik Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positif Di Indonesia

The rapid development of the Islamic banking industry requires experts of Islamic economics and Islamic banking industry players to be more innovative.One form of action of these challenges is the emergence of a new contract is acontract agreement Ijarah Al muntahiya bit Tamlik (IMBT)/financial leasingwith purchase. This contract is a contract is a hybrid combination of proprietarylease agreement at the end of the lease (sale and purchase agreement). Thiscontract became the new breakthrough and provides much convenience forcustomers, but the existence of the contract IMBT still doubted by many. In general, they questioned how the legal basis of IMBT both Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia. In the perspective of Islamic law IMBT said tohave met the principles, pillars and three terms of the contract. Kontemporeeconomic thinkers such as Adimarwan, Al-Mujamma ‘al-Fiqhi, and classicaleconomic thinkers such as Hanabillah, Malikiyah, Shafi\u27ites and HanabalahIMBT contract states that the law is permissible (allowed). When viewedfrom the standpoint of positive law in Indonesia contract IMBT includedin the agreement is not named (Article 1319) arising from the principle of freedom of contract (Article 1338) and IMBT also meets the requirements of a valid agreement (Article 1320) as well as elements agreement. The legal consequences arising from the contract agreement IMBT is their right andobligation for them to do so.Pesatnya perkembangan industri perbankan syariah mensyaratkan para ahliekonomi Islam dan pelaku industri perbankan syariah untuk lebih inovatif.Salah satu bentuk tindakan tantangan ini adalah munculnya kontrak baruyaitu perjanjian kontrak Ijarah Al Muntahiya Bit Tamlik (IMBT)/sewakeuangan dengan pembelian. Kontrak ini merupakan kontrak kombinasi(hibrida) dari perjanjian sewa milik pada akhir sewa (perjanjian jual beli).Kontrak ini menjadi terobosan baru dan memberikan banyak kemudahan bagipelanggan, tetapi keberadaan IMBT kontrak masih diragukan oleh banyakpihak. Pada umumnya, mereka mempertanyakan bagaimana dasar hukumIMBT baik hukum Islam dan hukum positif di Indonesia. Dalam perspektif hukum Islam IMBT dikatakan telah memenuhi prinsip-prinsip, pilar dantiga syarat-syarat dalam kontrak. Para pemikir ekonomi Kontemporerseperti Adimarwan, Al-Mujamma al-Fiqhi, dan pemikir ekonomi klasikseperti Hanabillah, Malikiyah, Syafi\u27iyah dan kontrak Hanabalah IMBTmenyatakan bahwa hukum IMBT diperbolehkan. Bila dilihat dari sudutpandang hukum positif di IMBT kontrak Indonesia termasuk dalamperjanjian tidak bernama (Pasal 1319) yang timbul dari prinsip kebebasanberkontrak (Pasal 1338) dan IMBT juga memenuhi persyaratan perjanjianyang sah (Pasal 1320) sebagai serta perjanjian elemen. Konsekuensi hukumyang timbul dari IMBT perjanjian kontrak adalah hak dan kewajiban mereka bagi mereka untuk melakukannya

Analisis Pendapat Khalifah Umar Bin Khattab Tentang Penundaan Penarikan Zakat Binatang Ternak Kambing Yang Telah Mencapai Nisab

Caliph Umar ibn al-Khat}t}a>b had delayed withdrawal charity goats. Thoughthere are number of goats has reached nishab. It is applied to an area in theHejaz region whwn it was hit by drought. Of course this is being debated.Though Umar is one of the companions are known firm ini carrying out their religious duties. The results of this research are, first, the withdrawal delay zakat animals that have reached only apply to animals that have been hit by the famine years (rama>dah). Umar's policy gave alms to the people who have goats nishab number based on the condition of the person is also experiencing difficulties. One henred goat that he had no significant influence on survival at the time. Umar suspending withdrawal zakat to muzakki despite his wealth has reached nishab, due to difficulties and distress. Second, the vocabulary knowledge of fiqh, delay the withdrawal of zakat is must. Althought the jurist. Emphasizes that zakat is paid immediately. What is done by delaying the withdrawal of zakat Umar made one considered by some scholars to allow delaying the payment of zakat. And third, the condition of Indonesia's disaster-prone, makes delay the withdrawal of zakat by Umar could be pne of the considerations to delay payment of zakat to an area back to the state as usual

Komposisi Umur Nyamuk Anopheles SP Yang Diduga Sebagai Vektor Di Daerah Pegunungan Kecamatan Lengkong, Kabupaten Sukabumi

Anopheles mosquito could be as a disease vector if having age for the growth of malaria parasitein its body. The research was conducted by catching mosquito in nature, namely: using human collection,wall-resting collection, around cattle and using light trap. The caught mosquito was assessing its proportionof parous and longevity, the composition of parous proportion in each species difference, namely: An.aconitvs reached its highest 0.8 and its lowest 0.2. An. barbirostris reached its highest 0.55 and its lowest0.02. The low Index parous indicates that mosquito could not transmit plasmodium to human. The estimation of An.aconitus age reaches the highest of 8.58 days and the lowest 1.23 days. At the age of 8.58 days An.aconitus is able to grow plasmodium in its body. The estimation of An. barbirostris age reachesits highest of 3.49 days and its lowest 1.3 days. An. maculatus age reached its highest age of 2.65 days and its lowest 1.44 days. The mosquito with short age could not be as a malaria vector. It is concluded that An.aconitus was potential as malaria vector

Sistem Ekonomi Islam: Dialektika Antara Thesis, Antitesis Dan Plagiatis

Discourses in Islamic economic system are not new in economic study. There is always a big question behind Islamic economic system, what makes Islamic economic system with capitalism economic system and socialism economic system different! Historically, Moslems had explained earlier before middle century then developed by modern economic theorist. Al Qur\u27an and Al Hadits have explained how a Moslem must undertake two orientation in his economic activity, there are material orientation and religious orientation. Religious orientation that will be a Moslem can be justful in economic capitalism practice. Even if Moslem has a claim to property but every Moslem is very aware if his property is just a mandate and in property have right a poor and he must distribute zakat/ sadaqah mechanism. Because, zakat/ sadaqah is a social responsibility for a Moslem. so, Islamic economic system look from historical and conceptual view based on al Qur\u27an and al Hadits that have strong fundamental, so Islamic economic system is believed to be same with conceptual capitalism economic system and socialism economic system

Pengujian Larvisida Teknar 1500 S terhadap Larva Nyamuk Anopheles Maculatus di Alihan Sungai

A study to evaluate the efficacy of biological larvicide Teknar 1500 S which contains 1500 SAAU of Baccillus thuringiensis Israeliensis (Bti) serotype H-14 crystal delta endotoxin against Anopheles maculatus larvae was conducted at Kokap district, Kulon Progo Regency in Yogyakarta Province. Three methods of applications were compared, i.e. spraying, using plastic bags and pouring off the larvicide on a small stream. The design of the study was Split Plot design with six replicates. The larval densities were measured one day before application; 1, 8, 14, and 21 days after application. The larvae reduction rates of the three methods of applications were significantly different ( a = 0,01). Spraying produced significantly better results compared to the two other methods

Tabel Kehidupan Anopheles Aconitus Di Laboratorium

Kemampuan spesies nyamuk berperan sebagai vektor penyakit ditentukan oleh kondisi fisik, fisiologi, perilaku dan lingkungan kehidupannya. Tubuh vektor harus dapat mengakomodasi keberadaan patogen tanpa mencederai patogen itu. sebaliknya ia juga tidak mengalami cedera apapun. Penguasaan informasi mengenai bionomik vektor yang mencakup antara lain tata kehidupan, daur hidup, habitat, lama hidup, daya reproduksi serta perilaku sangat penting untuk pemahaman epidemiologi penyakit yang ditularkan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari daur hidup, siklus gonotrofik, fekunditas nvamuk An. aconitus di laboratorium. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap spesies nyamuk An. aconitus yang dilakukan di Lab. Puslitbang Ekologi dan Status Kesehatan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Daur hidup dari telur sampai dewasa rata-rata 11 hari, tingkat kematian pada setiap stadium besarnya ben'ariasi pada stadium telur, larva dan pupa. Pengamatan tabel hidup nyamuk An. aconitus pada kondisi laboratorium dengan pemberian pakan darah manusia menunjukkan periode hidup rata-rata populasi laboratorium dalam satu generasi (T) adalah 9,86 konstanta yang menyatakan potensial reproduktif (Rm) sebesar 1,95 serta besaran yang menunjukkan kemampuan Suatu populasi pada satu generasi untuk perbanyakan diri persatuan waktu (α) sebesar 0,2, artinya populasi An. aconitus berkembang sangat lamban. Kata Kunci. vektor, daur hidup, An. aconitus, fekundita

Pemanfaatan Agens Hayati Endofit Untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Kuning Pada Tanaman Lada

There are increasingly efforts to control the yellow disease in black pepper through application of biological agents endophytic along with the dangers of pesticide uses and awareness of environmentally friendly agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of endophytic biological agents (bacteria and fungi) on the disease caused by nematodes of M. incognita and R. smilis. The study was conducted on the farmer garden located at Petaling, Bangka. A randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 5 replications was used in this study. The black peppers were treated with endophytic isolates (MER7, AA2, ANIC, TT2, TRI) and carbofuran, chemical nematicide, as control (not treated). The endophytic agents used in this study were isolated from roots of black pepper and some selected endophytic collections. The results showed that some endophytic agents were able to suppress the incidence of yellow disease and nematode populations in the roots, and increase in the number of flowers and fresh weight of black pepper berry. The promising isolates being able to control the disease are ANIC and TRI (Trichoderma) on which their effectiveness are similar to the carbofuran

Effectiveness of Endophytic Bacterial Consortium of Coffee Plant on Mortality of Pratylenchus Coffeae in Vitro

Bacteria live in wild in form of a consortium. Use of microbial consortium tends to give better results than single isolate, because the action of enzyme of each type of microbe can complement each other in order to survive. This study aimed to study the effectiveness of bacterial endophytic consortium from coffee plant on plant growth and mortality of parasitic nematodes in coffee. Isolation of bacteria is conducted by growing the crushed roots, stems and leaves of coffee on 20% TSA media, then testing their hemolysis and hypersensitivity reaction. Selected isolates were tested on their effect on the growth of seedling and Pratylenchus coffeae mortality, as well as their chitinolytic, proteolytic, lipolytic, HCN production, dissolution of phosphate (P) and fixation of nitrogen (N2) abilities. The results showed that from 27 isolates of the consortium, 23 isolates showed negative reaction to hypersensitive test and 9 isolates to hemolysis test. The highest mortality rate was shown by K6 isolate (65.8%). The highest growth was shown by K15 and K 21 isolates while the highest root length by K21 isolate. Further analisys showed that 100% of the isolates could hydrolyze proteases, lipid, and produce HCN, while chitinolytic activity was shown by 78% isolates which could fix N2 and 11% of isolates could dissolve phosphate