The Effects of Real and Nominal Shocks on Real and Nominal Exchange Rates: The Case of Turkey

This paper aims to explain the sources of real exchange rate fluctuations in Turkey. For this purpose, a bivariate SVAR model with the rates of change in the real and in the nominal exchange rates as endogenous variables is specified, and two types of structural shocks are identified as real and nominal shocks in the sprit of two dimensional model of Lastrapes (1992). Using the approach pioneered by Blanchard and Quah (1989), it is assumed that nominal shocks have no permanent effect on the real exchange rate. The results indicate that unlike the previous study of Erlat and Erlat (1998), the contribution of nominal shocks to real exchange rate fluctuations and the contribution of real shocks to nominal exchange rate are not negligible.Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Real and Nominal Shocks, Structural Vector Autoregression, Turkey

Lipoleiomyoma of the Uterus

Lipoleiomyomas are uncommon benign neoplasms of uterus consisting of variable portions of mature lipocytes and smooth muscle cells. These tumours generally occur in asymptomatic obese perimenopausal or menopausal women. In this paper, a case of lipoleiomyoma uteri in a 53-year old menopausal woman is presented.peer-reviewe

Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in vitreous samples from patients with diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To measure the interleukin-8(IL-8)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)levels in vitreous samples obtained the patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)due to diabetic retinopathy(DR), then to compare these results with those of the control group and to state their impact on DR pathogenesis.<p>METHODS: From Istanbul Bilim University Ophthalmology Department, 57 eyes of 57 diabetes mellitus(DM)patients who had been diagnosed with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 22 cases of macular hole, with no proliferative vitreoretinopathy were included in the study as the study and the control groups respectively. All of the 79 patients underwent a 3-port, 20 gauge PPV. Vitreous samples of 0.5mL were aspirated with vitrector at the beginning of the PPV operation before the intraocular infusion and being diluted. Samples were transferred to the freezer to be stored at -70℃. Results of IL-8 and TNF-α were calculated as pg/mL with ELISA method.<p>RESULTS: IL-8 levels 〖82.7891±74.08700(0.08- 307.09)pg/mL〗 in which vitreous samples obtained DR patients during vitrectomy were significantly elevated when compared to IL-8 levels 〖2.9805±3.77546(0.08-18.53)pg/mL〗 of control patients(<i>P</i><0.001). Similarly, TNF-α level 〖18.0007±13.90015(2.32-51.11)pg/mL〗 was also significantly elevated in DR patients when compared to control patients' TNF-α level 〖1.7005±1.26949(0.1- 5.17)pg/mL〗(<i>P</i><0.001). <p>CONCLUSION: The levels of TNF- α, which plays a role in retinal neovascularization, and, IL-8, which acts as an inflammatory and angiogenic mediator were found to be high in DR patients

An Examination of the Attitudes of Primary School 4th Grade Students Towards Science in Terms of Different Variables

Interest, attitudes and motivation regarding a field have been shown to be one of the factors that influence success. Ensuring a positive interest, attitude and motivation can only be possible by determining these affective states. This study aimed at examining elementary fourth graders' attitudes towards the science course in terms of various variables. The participants were 155 fourth graders studying at an elementary school located in the Nevşehir province in the 2021-2022 academic year. The study was conducted in accordance with the survey method, a qualitative research method. The data were gathered through the Scale of Attitudes Towards the Science and Technology Course developed by Kenar and Balcı (2012). The scale included 12 items rated on a 5- point Likert scale. Paired samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were used in the data analysis. The findings showed that the fourth graders had positive attitudes towards the science course. The students' attitudes towards the science course did not show a significant difference based on gender, and parents' educational level. As a result, students' having positive towards the science course can contribute to the analysis of factors affecting success in this course in further studies

The prognostic and predictive value of osteopontin in colon adenocarcinoma

Aim: The identification of cellular pathways in colorectal tumor biology is essential for early diagnosis, treatment, and post-treatment follow-up. Osteopontin is an extracellular matrix protein that has regulatory physiological functions and roles in apoptosis, proliferation, adhesion, invasion, and tumor metastasis. In this study, we aimed to determine the prognostic and predictive value of osteopontin in colon adenocarcinoma. Our study investigated whether osteopontin expression had any prognostic or predictive use in colon adenocarcinoma and also if there were any differences between adenocarcinoma and adenoma. Methods: Fifty of these colonic specimens were adenocarcinoma, 16 were adenomatous polyps, and 10 were nontumoral colonic tissue that served as a control group. We used a two-tiered evaluation system that examined both the staining intensity and the percentage of staining. Results: The staining scores of tumors with vascular invasion were significantly higher than those of tumors without vascular invasion (p=0.001). In addition, the tumoral tissues’ osteopontin staining scores were significantly higher than the score of polyps (p=0.001). Conclusion: If future studies support our results, we suggest that osteopontin may be an important biomarker for predicting or detecting vascular invasion in tumors and could be useful in tumor-adenomatous polyp differentiation. Therefore, osteopontin can provide helpful information in the diagnosis and prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma

Histopathologic Evaluation of Acneiform Eruptions: Practical Algorithmic Proposal for Acne Lesions

Acneiform lesions are encountered in different chapters in various dermatology and dermatopathology textbooks. The most common titles used for these disorders are diseases of the hair, diseases of cutaneous appendages, folliculitis, acne, and inflammatory lesions of dermis and epidermis. In this chapter, first of all we will discuss folliculitis, and then acne vulgaris that is a kind of folliculitis will be described. After acne vulgaris, other acneiform eruptions and demodicosis will be studied. At the end, simple algorithmic schemes by assembling clinical, pathological, and microbiological data will be shared