The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: : A systematic review and meta-analysis

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Caoimhe M. Coyle, and Keith R. Laws, ‘The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Human Psychopharmacology, Vol. 30 (3): 152-163, May 2015, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2475. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Objective The current meta-analysis examines the effects of ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms over time in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Methods Following a systematic review of the literature, data were extracted from 21 studies (n = 437 receiving ketamine) and analysed at four post-infusion time points (4 h, 24 h, 7 days and 12-14 days). The moderating effects of several factors were assessed including: repeat/single infusion, diagnosis, open-label/participant-blind infusion, pre-post/placebo-controlled design and the sex of patients. Results Effect sizes were significantly larger for repeat than single infusion at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. For single infusion studies, effect sizes were large and significant at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. The percentage of males was a predictor of antidepressant response at 7 days. Effect sizes for open-label and participant-blind infusions were not significantly different at any time point. Conclusions Single ketamine infusions elicit a significant antidepressant effect from 4 h to 7 days; the small number of studies at 12-14 days post infusion failed to reach significance. Results suggest a discrepancy in peak response time depending upon primary diagnosis - 24 h for MDD and 7 days for BD. The majority of published studies have used pre-post comparison; further placebo-controlled studies would help to clarify the effect of ketamine over time.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Unique Charactyerization of Materials With Memory

In general, materials with linear memory constitutive relations are characterized by a relaxation function. This leads to a situation where the free energy for most materials with memory is not unique. There is a convex set of free energy functionals with a minimum and a maximum element. An alternative procedure is proposed which characterizes a material by the kernel of the rate of dissipation functional. Using some recent results, we find that a unique free energy and relaxation function may then be deduced. An example is given for discrete spectrum materials. Also, the new results are used to show that a previously derived general representation of rate of dissipation and free energy functionals is not complete, in the sense that there are valid functionals which cannot be described by this general formula

Free Energies for Nonlinear Materials with Memory

An exploration of representations of free energies and associated rates of dissipation for a broad class of nonlinear viscoelastic materials is presented in this work. Also included are expressions for the stress functions and work functions derivable from such free energies. For simplicity, only the scalar case is considered. Certain standard formulae are generalized to include higher power terms. It is shown that the correct initial procedure in this context is to specify the rate of dissipation as a positive semi-definite functional and then to determine the free energy from this, rather than the other way around, which would be the traditional approach. Particularly detailed versions of these formulae are given for the model with two memory contributions in the free energy, the first being the well-known quadratic functional leading to constitutive relations with linear history terms, while the second is a quartic functional yielding a cubic term for the stress function memory dependence. Also, the discrete spectrum model, for which each memory kernel is a sum of exponentials, is generalized from the quadratic functional representation for the free energy to that with the quartic functional included. Finally, a model is considered, allowing functional power series with an infinite number of terms for the free energy, rate of dissipation and stress function

Returnable Containers for Maine : An Environmental and Economic Assessment

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The Problem of a Viscoelastic Cylinder Rolling on a Rigid Half-Space

The problem of a viscoelastic cylinder rolling on a rigid base, propelled by a line force acting at its centre, is solved in the noninertial approximation. The method used is based on a decomposition of hereditary integrals developed by the authors in previous work, and on the viscoelastic Kolosov-Muskhelishvili equations which are used to generate a Hilbert problem. In this formulation, the problem reduces to a nonsingular integral equation in space and time, which simplifies under steady-state conditions and for exponential decay materials, to algebraic form. There are also two subsidiary conditions. In the case of a standard linear model, explicit analytic results and numerical examples are given for the pressure function, for surface displacements, and also for hysteretic friction

Dialectric Materials with Memory 1: Minimum and General Free Energies.

A general tensor isothermal theory of free energies and free enthalpies for dielectrics is presented, corresponding to linear constitutive relations with memory. Starting from the general equations of continuum thermodynamics, various properties of and constraints on free energy/enthalpy functionals in dielectric media are noted. It is well-known that free enthalpies are particularly convenient in that their properties are closely analogous with those of free energies in mechanics, though different in crucial ways. General constitutive equations with memory are determined from a given free enthalpy. The form of the relaxation function, which occurs in these constitutive equations, is discussed from a general viewpoint. Also, various forms of the work function are given. Tensor formulae are derived for the minimum free energy and corresponding rate of dissipation for arbitrary and also sinusoidal histories of the electric and magnetic fields. Both the similarities with mechanics and the important differences, leading to different physical predictions, are emphasized throughout this work

Dielectric Materials with Memory II: Free Energies in Non- Magnetic Materials

An isothermal theory of free energies and free enthalpies, corresponding to linear constitutive relations with memory, is presented for isotropic non-magnetic materials. This is a second paper, following recent work on a general tensor theory of isothermal dielectrics and on the form of the minimum free energy. Both papers are based on continuum thermodynamics. For a standard choice of relaxation function, the minimum and maximum free energies are given explicitly, using a method previously developed in a mechanics context. Also, a new family of intermediate free energy functionals is derived for dielectrics. All these are solutions of a constrained optimization problem

Viscoelastic and Electromagnetic Materials with Nonlinear Memory

A method is presented for generating free energies relating to nonlinear constitutive equations with memory from known free energies associated with hereditary linear theories. Some applications to viscoelastic solids and hereditary electrical conductors are presented. These new free energies are then used to obtain estimates for nonlinear integro-differential evolution problems describing the behavior of nonlinear plasmas with memory

New Insights on Free Energies and Saint- Venant’s Principle in Viscoelasticity

This work was conceived in 1999 and brought near completion by 2003. Giorgio Gentili was deeply involved in this research until his untimely death. He is greatly missed. Work pressures on the other authors forced a postponement of research on this topic, originally envisaged as lasting a few months but in the event it turned out to be nearly ten years. We now dedicate this work to the memory of Giorgio and to his Family

General Dissipative Materials for Simple Histories

A material with memory typically has a set of many free energy functionals associated with it, all members of which yield the same constitutive relations. An alternative interpretation of this set is explored in the present work. Explicit formulae are derived for the free energy and total dissipation of an arbitrary material in the cases of step function and sinusoidal/exponential histories. Expressions for the fraction of stored and dissipated energy are deduced. Also, various formulae are given for discrete spectrum materials. For materials with relaxation function containing one decaying exponential, the associated Day functional is the physical free energy. For more general materials, we seek a best fit of the relaxation function with one decaying expo- nential to that chosen for the general case. The free energy, total dissipation and fractions of stored and dissipated energies relating to the Day material are derived for the various histories. Similar data, in the case of the general mate- rial, are explored for the minimum and maximum free energies and also for a centrally located free energy given in the literature. Various plots of aspects of this data, including comparisons between the behaviour for general and Day materials, are presented and discussed