Adding Value on Gamba Development SACCOS Group by Capacity Building on Gamba Village North Unguja

Saving and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) are the main financial solution of the people who are poor and in most time, cannot comply the requirement of banks. Researcher of this project has conducted Community needs assessment on 2015, by case study on Gamba development SACOSS, in north Unguja Zanzibar Tanzania with sample size of fifty respondent (50) of which thirty(30) were group member and twenty (20)were other beneficiaries. Researcher observe that, SACCOS member have low income level, resulting from lack of correct knowledge of income generating activates, which is associated with existence of different challenges such as low educational level of it member, prolonged drought, insufficient production technology and entrepreneurship skills, he suggested that, by providing member driven services, appropriate training, education, and participating other stakeholders in the community, these could be a solution. Researcher uses cross sectional descriptive research, primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by computer program SPSS, descriptive statistical methods of analyzing data used, he recommended that, in order to have good contribution of SACCOS on poverty reduction SACCOS’s must Have regular capacity building of its member financially and non financially capacity, otherwise SACCOS’s will fail to give fair contribution on poverty alleviation

Mechanistic insights and selected synthetic routes of atomically precise metal nanoclusters

Abstract During the last few decades, noble metal nanoclusters (NCs) have become an exciting building block in the field of nanoscience. With their ultrasmall size that ranges between 1 and 2 nm, NCs fill the gap between atoms and nanoparticles (NPs), and they show significantly different physicochemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts, such as molecule‐like HOMO‐LUMO discrete electronic transitions, photoluminescence, etc. These properties made NCs potential candidates in various applications, including catalysis, chemical/bioimaging, biomedicine, sensing, and energy conversion. Controlling the size of NPs, which usually exhibit a degree of polydispersity, has been a significant challenge for nano‐scientists. However, metal NCs with atomic precision pave the way to accurately fabricate NPs based on an atom‐by‐atom assembly. This Perspective is directed to the community of nano‐scientists interested in the field of NCs and summarizes the most commonly used synthetic routes of atomically precise metal NCs. Moreover, this Perspective provides an understanding of the different techniques used to control the size of metal NCs with insights on switching the surface ligands from phosphine to thiol. This Perspective also explains the role of physicochemical parameters in different synthetic routes such as high‐temperature route, CO‐directed route, solid‐state route, ligand‐exchange‐induced size/structure transformation (LEIST), etc. We finally give a brief outlook on future challenges of currently used synthetic routes with some suggestions to improve them

A Novel Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 in Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

This work forms part of the research themes contributing to the translational research portfolio of Barts and the London Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, which is supported and funded by the National Institute of Health Research

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Interdisciplinary Security Aspects of Next-Generation Wireless Networks and Systems: BEiNG-WISE: State of Research and Future Research Steps

Next-Generation Wireless Networks and Systems (NGWN-Ss) are foundational to realizing a seamlessly connected world, unlocking transformative services and applications. However, the pervasive connectivity of NGWN-Ss introduces complex and new challenges in cybersecurity and privacy. Key concerns include the vast volumes of data exchanged, evolving user interactions with advanced technologies, and the increasing sophistication of cybercriminals utilizing these technologies for malicious purposes. The BEiNG-WISE Action highlights critical gaps in technologies, legislation, ethical considerations, and the integration of user-centric perspectives into technological development. Current regulatory frameworks lag behind the rapid pace of technological advancement, often neglecting the intricate needs of endusers. During the first year of collaborative efforts, the WGs identified key interdependencies across technical, legal, and sociological dimensions, underscoring the need for multidisciplinary approaches to address cybersecurity challenges comprehensively. This document synthesizes findings from various domains, ranging from the technical evolution of wireless systems (WG1) and the sociological dynamics of cybercrime (WG2) to innovative cybersecurity frameworks (WG3) and user-centered methodologies (WG4). A central theme is the interplay between advanced technology, human factors, and the evolving legal landscape (WG5). The chapters explore these connections and provide a foundation for re-imagining cybersecurity through a holistic, responsible-by-design approach. By integrating human, ethical, and regulatory dimensions, this work sets the foundations for novel cybersecurity solutions that balance technological innovation with societal impact

Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Heat Stress for Sustainability of Soybean (<em>Glycine max</em> L. Merr.) Production under the Changing Climate

Increasing ambient temperature is a major climatic factor that negatively affects plant growth and development, and causes significant losses in soybean crop yield worldwide. Thus, high temperatures (HT) result in less seed germination, which leads to pathogenic infection, and decreases the economic yield of soybean. In addition, the efficiency of photosynthesis and transpiration of plants are affected by high temperatures, which have negative impact on the physio-biochemical process in the plant system, finally deteriorate the yield and quality of the affected crop. However, plants have several mechanisms of specific cellular detection of HT stress that help in the transduction of signals, producing the activation of transcription factors and genes to counteract the harmful effects caused by the stressful condition. Among the contributors to help the plant in re-establishing cellular homeostasis are the applications of organic stimulants (antioxidants, osmoprotectants, and hormones), which enhance the productivity and quality of soybean against HT stress. In this chapter, we summarized the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of soybean plants at various growth stages under HT. Furthermore, it also depicts the mitigation strategies to overcome the adverse effects of HT on soybean using exogenous applications of bioregulators. These studies intend to increase the understanding of exogenous biochemical compounds that could reduce the adverse effects of HT on the growth, yield, and quality of soybean

Golden Plasmophores with Tunable Photoluminescence and Outstanding Thermal and Photothermal Stability

Among various hybrid nanomaterials, the combination of plasmonic nanoparticles and fluorophores in a single multifunctional nanoplatform, so-called plasmophores, has attracted significant attention in different fields such as dark field, fluorescence, and photoacoustic imaging, biosensing, photothermal, and photodynamic therapy. Herein, author report a facile and controlled synthesis route of hybrid nanoplatforms composed of fluorescent gold nanoclusters (GNCs) coupled to plasmonic gold nanorods (GNRs) using controlled silica (SiO2) dielectric spacers of different thicknesses from now on referred to as GNR@SiO2@GNC plasmophores. The results show different degrees of plasmon-enhanced fluorescence of the GNCs in their plasmophore hybrid system when placed at different distances from the plasmonic cores of the GNRs. On the other hand, these plasmophores show enhanced thermal stability compared to GNRs@CTAB (CTAB, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). This results also demonstrated that upon annealing at elevated temperatures (800–1000 °C), the GNRs in the plasmophores are more thermally stable and robust than the GNRs@CTAB. More surprisingly, despite the commonly reported very low melting temperature of smaller-size nanocrystals, the GNCs in the plasmophores showed high thermal stability and do not exhibit significant structural changes at elevated temperatures (800–1000 °C).Peer reviewe

Pooled analysis of who surgical safety checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods: In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results: Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89⋅6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60⋅6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0⋅17, 95 per cent c.i. 0⋅14 to 0⋅21, P &lt; 0⋅001) or low (363 of 860, 42⋅2 percent; OR 0⋅08, 0⋅07 to 0⋅10, P &lt; 0⋅001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference −9⋅4 (95 per cent c.i. −11⋅9 to −6⋅9) per cent; P &lt; 0⋅001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+12⋅1 (+7⋅0 to +17⋅3) per cent; P &lt; 0⋅001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0⋅60, 0⋅50 to 0⋅73; P &lt; 0⋅001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low-and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion: Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Mortality of emergency abdominal surgery in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low- or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI). Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression. Results: Data were obtained for 10 745 patients from 357 centres in 58 countries; 6538 were from high-, 2889 from middle- and 1318 from low-HDI settings. The overall mortality rate was 1⋅6 per cent at 24 h (high 1⋅1 per cent, middle 1⋅9 per cent, low 3⋅4 per cent; P < 0⋅001), increasing to 5⋅4 per cent by 30 days (high 4⋅5 per cent, middle 6⋅0 per cent, low 8⋅6 per cent; P < 0⋅001). Of the 578 patients who died, 404 (69⋅9 per cent) did so between 24 h and 30 days following surgery (high 74⋅2 per cent, middle 68⋅8 per cent, low 60⋅5 per cent). After adjustment, 30-day mortality remained higher in middle-income (odds ratio (OR) 2⋅78, 95 per cent c.i. 1⋅84 to 4⋅20) and low-income (OR 2⋅97, 1⋅84 to 4⋅81) countries. Surgical safety checklist use was less frequent in low- and middle-income countries, but when used was associated with reduced mortality at 30 days. Conclusion: Mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-HDI countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors. Patient safety factors may have an important role. Registration number: NCT02179112 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)