Bee Products as Functional Food

The studies that reveal the impact of the bee products on overall health are accompanied by new researches every year, and the importance of these researches are gradually on the rise. Bee products that are used as food and food supplements and drug concentrations in the historic process are drawing the attention with their marvellous characteristic features. The search for nourishment of the body on behalf of healthy living is currently being searched by many people. Therefore, the consumption of products that protect the health appears as the primary preference of people. In the light of this recent tendency, food sector is now offering well-supported products that are suitable for this preference. At this point, bee products such as honey, pollen, bee bread, royal jelly and propolis gain importance as functional food with their nutritious features that help in protecting the health. In this article, within the consideration of the researches that evaluate bee products as functional food, we aim to introduce the prominence of bee products in our nourishment and overall health

Development of a Software for Design and Design Comparison of Prestressed I-Beam for Highway and Railway Bridges Based on International Standards

New computer software is being developed within Bridgewiz R&D Co. for the aim of rapidly comparing design solutions for a prestressed I-beam (highway or railway bridge) according to different international specifications. The software will perform a series of beam designs based on user inputs and then make a comparison in terms of dimensions, material quantities, and total costs (using either user-defined or autoacquired unit prices). The design and comparison results will be presented to the user in the form of a PDF report (as well as an on-screen window) which includes tables and charts for easy visualization. The initial specifications that are planned to be included in the software are AASHTO-LRFD, EUROCODE, and Turkish Highway Bridge Specifications for highway bridges and AREMA, EUROCODE, and Turkish Railway Bridge Specifications for railway bridges. Fresh engineers will be able to use the program for verifying their designs and experienced engineers can utilize the program for staying up-to-date with requirements of contemporary specifications. The parameters that will be designed by the software are the optimum number of girders, their geometry, girder lateral spacing, number of prestressing tendons and jacking forces (taking the losses into account), prestressing tendon distribution, deck reinforcement area, and deck section stresses. The development is supported by KOSGEB - a Turkish government organization for supporting micro and small companies on research and development projects

Democracy and trade: a gentle trade-off

Regime characteristics and their evolution have always been of interest of several disciplines. The difficulties that arise in measuring regime characteristics have been resolved to a large extent during the past three decades. In that, the POLITY IV project has generated a valuable source of knowledge where characteristics of world regimes from 1800 to 2007 were documented well. In this study, I elaborate the simple trade-weighted versions of the main indicators of POLITY IV for the year 2007. The results indicate that measurements of countries’ regime characteristics may be open to some criticisms once trade linkages are considered

Absorptive Capacity of Türkiye’s Provinces vis-à-vis Refugee Influx from Syria

This paper quantitatively examines the refugee absorption/integration rates across Türkiye’s 81 provinces while considering the geographical and economic features of each of the 81 provinces. The study mainly focuses on the distribution of Syrian refugees under temporary protection in Türkiye after the 2011 Syrian Civil War and develops an array of econometric models to understand the spatial distribution of refugees. Subsequently, the over-absorbing provinces (the provinces that host more than their model-suggested ideal capacity) and under-absorbing provinces (the provinces that host less than their model-suggested ideal capacity) are highlighted along with a road map for future research venues

Yield and quality of silage from soybean-maize intercropping

Production of good quality fodder is of a great importance for the economical ruminant production. The present experiment was carried out to study the effects of different sowing patterns and harvest times on digestibile dry matter yield, crude protein yield and feed quality of silages from intercropped soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) systems. A split-plot experiment (8 sowing patterns x 2 harvest times) in randomized block design was established at the Experimental Area of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute in Adana, Turkey, during the growing seasons of 2010 and 2011. The sowing patterns were (1) 1 row maize to 1 row soybean (1M-1S), 2) 1 row maize to 2 rows soybean (1M-2S) 3) 2 rows maize to 1 row soybean (2M-1S) 4) 50 % maize+% 50 soybean in the same row 5) 33.3 % M+66.6 % S in the same row 6) 66.6 M+33.3S in the same row 7) sole soybeans 8) sole maize. The forage was harvested at the milk and dough stages of the maize dents. Results of the study showed that the mixture of 66.6 % maize + 33.3 soybean in the same row when harvested at dough stage could be suggested for higher digestible dry-matter yield with improved silage quality. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, (TAGEM/TA/11/01/005); Maa- ja MetsätalousministeriÖ, MM

YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE FROM SOYBEAN-MAIZE INTERCROPPING

Production of good quality fodder is of a great importance for the economical ruminant production. The present experiment was carried out to study the effects of different sowing patterns and harvest times on digestibile dry matter yield, crude protein yield and feed quality of silages from intercropped soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) systems. A split-plot experiment (8 sowing patterns x 2 harvest times) in randomized block design was established at the Experimental Area of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute in Adana, Turkey, during the growing seasons of 2010 and 2011. The sowing patterns were (1) 1 row maize to 1 row soybean (1M-1S), 2) 1 row maize to 2 rows soybean (1M-2S) 3) 2 rows maize to 1 row soybean (2M-1S) 4) 50 % maize+% 50 soybean in the same row 5) 33.3 % M+66.6 % S in the same row 6) 66.6 M+33.3S in the same row 7) sole soybeans 8) sole maize. The forage was harvested at the milk and dough stages of the maize dents. Results of the study showed that the mixture of 66.6 % maize + 33.3 soybean in the same row when harvested at dough stage could be suggested for higher digestible dry-matter yield with improved silage quality.Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies [TAGEM/TA/11/01/005]This research was suppoted by the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, as part of Project No. TAGEM/TA/11/01/005

Essential oil composition of Salvia sclarea L. aerial parts and its AChE inhibitory properties

Previously, the hydrodistilled essential oils of the aerial parts of wild-growing S. sclarea, originating from two localities in Greece, were analyzed by GC-MS and it was found that the oils were rich in linalyl acetate, linalool and geranyl acetate [1]. The current study aims to provide information on the essential-oil composition of the aerial parts of S. sclarea from Turkey. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from air-dried aerial parts of the plant, collected in Turkey, using a Clevenger-type apparatus in the duration of 3 h. The essential oil yield was 0.23 mL per 100 g of plant material. The essential oil was diluted with n-hexane 1:10 (v/v) and used as such for GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterward the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. The aerial parts essential oil of S. sclarea was found to contain linalyl acetate (9.8%), linalool (7.4%), germacrene D (6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (6.0%), β-caryophyllene (5.6%), α-terpineol (4.3%), and spathulenol (3.4%). The obtained results were in general accordance with the results given in the literature. Additionally, AChE-inhibitory property of the essential oil was investigated and the oil was found to inhibit AChE activity by 11.23 ± 0.003% (n = 3) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL

EFFECTS OF SEED MIXTURE RATIO AND HARVEST TIME ON FORAGE YIELD AND SILAGE QUALITY OF INTERCROPPED BERSEEM CLOVER WITH TRITICALE

Experiment was conducted during winter seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 years in order to determine the effects of seed mixture ratio and harvest time of intercropped berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) with triticale (Triticosecale) on dry matter yield and silage quality under East Mediterranean (Cukurova) conditions. Berseem clover (BC) cv. Derya and triticale (T) cv. Tacettinbey were used as plant materials. The seed mixture ratios were sole crops BC and T, BC (80%) + T (20%), BC (60%) + T (% 40), BC (40%) + T (%60) and BC (20%) + T (80%). Forage harvest stages were beginning of flowering (HI), 50% flowering (H2) and full flowering (H3) stages of berseem clover. The experiment was established in a split plot design with four replications under lowland conditions. The mixture-ratios and harvest-stages were allocated as main plots and sub-plots, respectively. In addition to dry matter yield (DMY) and botanical composition, silage samples were evaluated for crude protein (CP), pH, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations and digestible dry matter (DDM), relative feed value (RFV) and dry matter intake (DMI). The results of the study showed that the seed mixture of 60 % berseem clover + 40 % triticale and harvest at the 100% flowering stage of berseem clover were superior in terms of yield and selected quality parameters.Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock / General Directorate of Agricultural Research and PoliciesThis work was supported by grants from Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock / General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies. The authors thank the staff at Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute for sampling and technical assistance

A Theory of Political Participation

This paper lays down a mathematical model of political participation where participatory behavior functions as insurance against redistribution of resources. Abstracting a broad notion of political participation to its tangible bene�fits and costs, we elaborate the participatory behavior from the perspectives of Expected Utility and Cumulative Prospect Theory. Our elaboration reveals that the relative degrees of risk aversion and loss aversion yield a multiplicity of equilibria, sheds light on the recently observed absenteeism in political participation and suggest that participation would not increase unless the material domain of politics itself is altered