Application examples for the different measurement modes of electrical properties of the solar cells

The aim of the paper was to apply the newly developed instruments ‘Corescan’ and ‘Sherescan’ in order to measure the essential parameters of producing solar cells in comparison with the standard techniques. The standard technique named the Transmission Line Method (TLM) is one way to monitor contacting process to measure contact resistance locally between the substrate and metallization. Nowadays, contact resistance is measured over the whole photovoltaic cell using Corescanner instrument. The Sherescan device in comparison with standard devices gives a possibility to measure the sheet resistance of the emitter of silicon wafers and determine of both P/N recognition and metal resistance. The Screen Printing (SP) method is the most widely used contact formation technique for commercial silicon solar cells. The contact resistance of manufactured front metallization depends of both the paste composition and co-firing conditions. Screen printed front side metallization and next to co-fired in the infrared conveyor furnace was carried out at various temperature from 770°C to 920°C. The silver paste used in the present paper is commercial. The investigations were carried out on monocrystalline silicon wafers. The topography of co-fired in the infrared belt furnace front metallization was investigated using the atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). There were researched also cross sections of front contacts using SEM microscope. Front contacts of the solar cells were formed on non-textured silicon surface with coated antireflection layer. On one hand, based on electrical properties investigations using Sherescan instrument it was obtained the knowledge of the emitter sheet resistance across the surface of a wafer, what is essential in optimizing the emitter diffusion process. On the other hand, it was found using Corescan instrument that the higher temperature apparently results in a strongly decreased contact resistance.Web of Science59125224

Chronostratigraphy of silt-dominated Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits on Mt. Ślęża (SW, Poland): Palaeoenvironmental and pedogenic significance

Slope deposits with aeolian silt admixture are a widespread parent material of soils in the temperate zone but may be neglected when rates of soil production are quantified. The concept of periglacial cover beds differentiates slope deposits with or without aeolian silt admixture; yet there is a remaining debate on processes and the timing of their formation. A previous study done by us at Mt. Ślęża, SW Poland, concluded that slope deposits with variable aeolian silt admixture, or its lack, have a significant influence on the pathway of soil formation. The present work builds upon this finding, by adding further granulometric and micromorphological data from three representative profiles along a toposequence, in order to refine our understanding of local slope deposits and soil formation. Additionally, seven numerical ages using luminescence dating provide a chronological framework for our reconstructions and allow linking the forming processes of these pedosedimentary records to regional palaeoenvironmental conditions. The oldest aeolian deposits are of Middle Pleistocene age (>280 ± 19 ka) with interlayered palaeosol (marine isotope stage [MIS] 9 or older). Late Pleistocene slope deposits encompass the maximum loess thickness and are dated to MIS 2. Luminescence ages from the upper layers indicate shallow reworking, which we tentatively correlate to the Younger Dryas (YD). Two profiles with thick loess mantles have strong clay illuviation features, presumably formed during the Holocene. However, weak clay illuviation in the third profile with a thin loess mantle (having an age of YD) over granite regolith seems to have occurred before the Holocene, as only fragmented clay coatings (probably MIS 2 pedogenesis) could be found. © 2020 The Author

Copper-Based Volumetric Filler Dedicated for Ag Paste for Depositing the Front Electrodes by Printing on Solar Si Cells

In this work we present research results on a new paste NPCuXX (where: NP—new paste, CuXX—component, XX—a modifier consisting of Ni and other important elements) based on a copper composite (CuXX) for fabrication of front electrodes in silicon solar cells. The CuXX composite is obtained by chemical processing of copper powder particles and can be used in two ways: as an additive to commercially available paste or as a base material for a new paste, NPCuXX. The CuXX offers the possibility to exchange up to 30 and 50 wt.% Ag into Cu, which significantly decreases the solar cells material costs, and therefore, the overall solar cell price. Emphasis was placed on a proper mass suitable fabrication process of the CuXX component. The NPCuXX paste has been applied both to conventional cell structures such as aluminum-back surface field (Al-BSF) and passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC), and finally solar cells with front electrodes deposited by screen-printing method were fabricated and characterized by current-voltage techniques. This paper reports the first implementation of the copper volumetric material into a screen print paste used in a high-temperature metallization process to fabricate the front contacts of Si solar cells with a highest fill factor of 77.92 and 77.69% for the abovementioned structures, respectively

Comparison of the Values of Solar Cell Contact Resistivity Measured with the Transmission Line Method (TLM) and the Potential Difference (PD)

This work presents a comparison of values of the contact resistivity of silicon solar cells obtained using the following methods: the transmission line model method (TLM) and the potential difference method (PD). Investigations were performed with two independent scientific units. The samples were manufactured with silver front electrodes. The co-firing process was performed in an infrared belt furnace in a temperature range of 840 to 960 °C. The electrical properties of a batch of solar cells fabricated in two cycles were investigated. This work focuses on the different metallisation temperatures of co-firing solar cells and measurements were carried out using the methods mentioned. In the TLM and PD methods, the same calculation formulae were used. Moreover, solar cell parameters measured with these methods had the same, similar, or sometimes different but strongly correlated values. Based on an analysis of the selected databases, this article diagnoses the recent and current state of knowledge regarding the employment of the TLM and PD methods and the available hardware base. These methods are of interest to various research centres, groups of specialists dealing with the optimisation of the electrical properties of silicon photovoltaic cells, and designers of measuring instruments.</jats:p

The role of defendant face attractiveness in perception of guilt in crime attractiveness related and not related

W licznych przeprowadzonych dotychczas badaniach wykazano, że atrakcyjność fizyczna może stanowić czynnik wpływający na prawdopodobieństwo orzeczenia o winie oraz wysokość zasądzanych wyroków. W pracy podjęto problem wpływu atrakcyjności twarzy na postrzeganą ocenę sprawczości przestępstwa, w którym atrakcyjność nie miała związku bądź ułatwiała jego popełnienie. Postawiono hipotezy, że ocena sprawczości przestępstwa, w którym atrakcyjność nie miała związku z jego popełnieniem, jest niższa u osoby o atrakcyjnej twarzy oraz wyższa w przypadku przestępstwa związanego z atrakcyjnością fizyczną. Ponadto ocena sprawczości przestępstwa jest niższa w przypadku osób o atrakcyjnej twarzy niż w przypadku osób twarzy mało atrakcyjnej. W celu weryfikacji postawionych hipotez przeprowadzono badanie oparte na mieszanym planie eksperymentalnym 2 płeć (kobieta, mężczyzna) x 2 atrakcyjność twarzy (wysoka, niska) x 2 rodzaj przestępstwa (związane z atrakcyjnością fizyczną, niezwiązane z atrakcyjnością fizyczną). Wszystkie postawione hipotezy zostały potwierdzone. Przedstawiono potencjalny mechanizm wykazanej zależności. Uzyskane wyniki omówiono w kontekście ich praktycznego zastosowania.According to research and experiments we can accept that physical attractiveness could be a factor with a high impact on both the probability of a guilty judgment and the sentence received. In this thesis, the main problem is the influence of facial attractiveness on the assessment of efficacy of the offence in cases when appeal was not involved or facilitate its commission. The hypothesis states that the assessment of guilt of the offence is lower in people with attractive faces and higher in the case of an offence connected with physical attractiveness. Moreover, the evaluation of commitment of crime is lower for those with attractive faces compared to unattractive. Furthermore, this thesis shows the relationship between attractiveness and the assessment of guilt. The results are discussed in the context of their practical application

The Pastes with Prototype Additive Deposited on Front Side Metallization Used in Photovoltaic Solar Cells

In this paper are presented both the fill factor of 0.75 and an efficiency approaching 14.64 % of solar cell, which were achieved, despite the non-optimized process. A new Cu-based additive of pastes were applied for formation of front contact on silicon solar cells. Front contact were screen-printed using commercial silver paste containing the CuXX additive prepared at laboratory. It is the world's first copper based paste appropriate for high-temperature production processes of front contact of the solar cell.</jats:p

Comparison of the Values of Solar Cell Contact Resistivity Measured with the Transmission Line Method (TLM) and the Potential Difference (PD)

This work presents a comparison of values of the contact resistivity of silicon solar cells obtained using the following methods: the transmission line model method (TLM) and the potential difference method (PD). Investigations were performed with two independent scientific units. The samples were manufactured with silver front electrodes. The co-firing process was performed in an infrared belt furnace in a temperature range of 840 to 960 °C. The electrical properties of a batch of solar cells fabricated in two cycles were investigated. This work focuses on the different metallisation temperatures of co-firing solar cells and measurements were carried out using the methods mentioned. In the TLM and PD methods, the same calculation formulae were used. Moreover, solar cell parameters measured with these methods had the same, similar, or sometimes different but strongly correlated values. Based on an analysis of the selected databases, this article diagnoses the recent and current state of knowledge regarding the employment of the TLM and PD methods and the available hardware base. These methods are of interest to various research centres, groups of specialists dealing with the optimisation of the electrical properties of silicon photovoltaic cells, and designers of measuring instruments