The Interplay of Defense Mechanisms Against Infectious Diseases

The total complex of immune expression is an interplay between nonspecific antimicrobial humoral systems plus specific antibodies and accessory factors. These systems are backstopped by the phagocytic functions of PMNs. If these fail, mononuclear phagocytes respond as a second line of defense to carry out chronic engagements. In addition to a direct activation process by substrate, macrophages may be activated and mobilized by a lymphocyte-mediated immunologic reaction which probably involves either a lymphotoxin and/or a specific antibody cytophilic for macrophages. Immunologically activated lymphocytes appear to be the primary effector cells of anti-tissue (transplantation) cellular immunity, whereas immunologically activated macrophages appear to be the primary effector cells of antibacterial cellular immunity

Retention and Attrition of Athletic Training Mothers in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II Setting

More women are entering the professional field of athletic training. Despite the growth of women in the profession, many are leaving the collegiate setting by the age of 30. While this trend has been studied extensively at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (NCAA DI) setting, little research has been completed at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II (NCAA DII) setting. This study aims to gain insight and understanding into the factors that affect female certified athletic trainer retention and attrition in the NCAA DII setting. This is a qualitative phenomenological study using an advocacy lens. Participants included eleven female certified athletic trainers from ten NCAA DII institutions. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using spillover theory. Peer review and member checking were performed to establish trustworthiness. Results of the study revealed five themes that affect female certified athletic trainer attrition and retention. These themes included role overload/conflict, support networks, women as caretakers, the culture of athletics, and gender issues. The most significant factors influencing this group of female certified athletic trainers\u27 retention and attrition were role overload/conflict and support networks. The categories of women and caretakers, the culture of athletics, and gender issues fell to the patriarchal nature of athletics. The participants all indicated that it was an issue but did not believe that they alone could overcome the gender stereotypes in collegiate athletics

A Behavioral Intervention Targeting A Reduction In Child Distress During A Routine Immunization

The present study evaluated the relationship between adult behaviors and child behaviors, the effectiveness of distraction as coached by parents in reducing distress during routine immunizations, and two cost-effective means of teaching distraction techniques to parents. Ninety-seven children between the ages of 18 months and 72 months and their parents were recruited and were randomly assigned to one of three groups. (1) Routine Group—parents received no education regarding distraction and were instructed to aid children as usual (n=32); (2) Distraction Taught by Instructional Handout Group—parents received education about distraction via an instructional handout and were instructed to use distraction with their child during the immunization (n=33); and (3) Distraction Taught by Video Modeling Group—parents received education about distraction via an 8-minute video demonstrating different distraction techniques and were instructed to use distraction with their child during the immunization (n=32). Based on previous findings, it was hypothesized that adult behavior would be significantly related to child behavior; distraction as coached by adults would be significant in reducing child distress; and differing formats of educating parents regarding distraction techniques would be significantly better in reducing child distress, increasing parent coping-promoting behaviors and decreasing parent distress-promoting behaviors than the group receiving no distraction education. Observational measures and subjective ratings were used to assess the following dependent variables: children\u27s coping and distress behavior, parent and nurse distress-promoting behavior, and parent and nurse coping-promoting behavior. Results indicate that parent behavior is significantly related to child behavior, while nurse behavior has limited impact on child behavior. Distraction as coached by parents significantly reduced child distress. Finally, distraction as taught by an informational handout or video modeling was no more successful in reducing child distress, increasing parent\u27s use of distraction techniques, and decreasing parent\u27s use of behaviors that induce distress in their children, than the group receiving no distraction education. Overall, the findings from this study lend support to the idea that parents need to be the target of interventions for procedural pain and differing cost-effective means of teaching distraction to parents need to be incorporated in future research endeavors

AAPT Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Sickle Cell Disease Pain

Pain in sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and high health care costs. Although episodic acute pain is the hallmark of this disorder, there is an increasing awareness that chronic pain is part of the pain experience of many older adolescents and adults. A common set of criteria for classifying chronic pain associated with SCD would enhance SCD pain research efforts in epidemiology, pain mechanisms, and clinical trials of pain management interventions, and ultimately improve clinical assessment and management. As part of the collaborative effort between the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations Innovations Opportunities and Networks public-private partnership with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the American Pain Society, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations Innovations Opportunities and Networks-American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy initiative developed the outline of an optimal diagnostic system for chronic pain conditions. Subsequently, a working group of experts in SCD pain was convened to generate core diagnostic criteria for chronic pain associated with SCD. The working group synthesized available literature to provide evidence for the dimensions of this disease-specific pain taxonomy. A single pain condition labeled chronic SCD pain was derived with 3 modifiers reflecting different clinical features. Future systematic research is needed to evaluate the feasibility, validity, and reliability of these criteria. Perspective: An evidence-based classification system for chronic SCD pain was constructed for the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations Innovations Opportunities and Networks-American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy initiative. Applying this taxonomy may improve assessment and management of SCD pain and accelerate research on epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatments for chronic SCD pain

Bedre leseforståelse for flerspråklige elever med å gjenfortelle multiple tekster, Leseforståelse for alle!

Formålet med studien er å undersøke om de flerspråklige elevene øker leseforståelse gjennom å lese multiple tekster. Jeg observerte derfor i en 8. klasse i forbindelse med oppgaver elevene fikk utdelt, for å finne svar på problemstillingen min: Hvilke gjenfortellinger skapes når de flerspråklige elevene leser multiple tekster om Van Gogh? Jeg brukte innholdsanalyse for å analyser elevenes fortellinger. Den sentrale teorien i min studie handler om muntlige fortellinger og gjenfortellinger. Studien ser ut til å vise at de flerspråklige elevene har fått bedre leseforståelse i løpet av en uke. Avslutningsvis legger jeg fram forslag om undersøkelse i en større skala. Jeg viser også til en didaktisk implikasjon om at lærerne bør anvende multiple tekster for de flerspråklige elevene.The purpose of this study is to find out about if the multilingual pupils will attain more understanding of reading, by reading multiple texts during a whole week in school about a certain theme. To find the answer to that, I observed a class of 8th graders for å whole week where they were handed many different tasks to answer, with the purpose to attain an answer to my master: Which stories are being created when the pupils are reading multiple texts of Vincent Van Gogh? I used content analysis to analyze the stories of the pupils. The study seems to show that the multilingual pupils have attained more understanding during the week. Finally, I want to recommend more research about this problem and do similar research, but in a bigger scale. I also refer to didactic implications, that the teachers should use more multiple texts for the multilingual pupils

How do whitefish exporters adapt to increased pressure for sustainable transportation of fish to the EU market?

Master of Science in Business (Siviløkonom) - Nord universitet 202

NOD2 controls the nature of the inflammatory response and subsequent fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG in human macrophages

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92022/1/j.1462-5822.2010.01544.x.pd

Pathogenic Mechanisms and Host Interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis Device-Related Infection

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a permanent member of the normal human microbiota, commonly found on skin and mucous membranes. By adhering to tissue surface moieties of the host via specific adhesins, S. epidermidis is capable of establishing a lifelong commensal relationship with humans that begins early in life. In its role as a commensal organism, S. epidermidis is thought to provide benefits to human host, including out-competing more virulent pathogens. However, largely due to its capacity to form biofilm on implanted foreign bodies, S. epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in patients receiving medical devices. S. epidermidis causes approximately 20% of all orthopedic device-related infections (ODRIs), increasing up to 50%in late-developing infections. Despite this prevalence, it remains underrepresented in the scientific literature, in particular lagging behind the study of the S. aureus. This review aims to provide an overview of the interactions of S. epidermidis with the human host, both as a commensal and as a pathogen. The mechanisms retained by S. epidermidis that enable colonization of human skin as well as invasive infection, will be described, with a particular focus upon biofilm formation. The host immune responses to these infections are also described, including how S. epidermidis seems to trigger low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of interleukin-10, which may contribute to the sub-acute and persistent nature often associated with these infections. The adaptive immune response to S. epidermidis remains poorly described, and represents an area which may provide significant new discoveries in the coming years