Histopathological image analysis : a review

Over the past decade, dramatic increases in computational power and improvement in image analysis algorithms have allowed the development of powerful computer-assisted analytical approaches to radiological data. With the recent advent of whole slide digital scanners, tissue histopathology slides can now be digitized and stored in digital image form. Consequently, digitized tissue histopathology has now become amenable to the application of computerized image analysis and machine learning techniques. Analogous to the role of computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) algorithms in medical imaging to complement the opinion of a radiologist, CAD algorithms have begun to be developed for disease detection, diagnosis, and prognosis prediction to complement the opinion of the pathologist. In this paper, we review the recent state of the art CAD technology for digitized histopathology. This paper also briefly describes the development and application of novel image analysis technology for a few specific histopathology related problems being pursued in the United States and Europe

Impedance model for the polarization-dependent optical absorption of superconducting single-photon detectors

We measured the single-photon detection efficiency of NbN superconducting single photon detectors as a function of the polarization state of the incident light for different wavelengths in the range from 488 nm to 1550 nm. The polarization contrast varies from ~5% at 488 nm to ~30% at 1550 nm, in good agreement with numerical calculations. We use an optical-impedance model to describe the absorption for polarization parallel to the wires of the detector. For lossy NbN films, the absorption can be kept constant by keeping the product of layer thickness and filling factor constant. As a consequence, we find that the maximum possible absorption is independent of filling factor. By illuminating the detector through the substrate, an absorption efficiency of ~70% can be reached for a detector on Si or GaAs, without the need for an optical cavity.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Journal of Applied Physic

Polymorphs of Curcumin and Its Cocrystals With Cinnamic Acid

YesWe report formation of polymorphs and new eutectics and cocrystals of curcumin, a sparingly water-soluble active component in turmeric, structurally similar to cinnamic acid. The curcumin polymorphs were formed using liquid antisolvent precipitation, where acetone acted as a solvent and water was used as the antisolvent. The metastable form 2 of curcumin was successfully prepared in varied morphology over a wide range of solvent-to-antisolvent ratio and under acidic pH conditions. We also report formation of new eutectics and cocrystals of curcumin with cinnamic acid acting as a coformer. The binary phase diagrams were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and predicted formation of the eutectics at the curcumin mole fraction of 0.15 and 0.33, whereas a cocrystal was formed at 0.3 mole fraction of curcumin in the curcumin–cinnamic acid mixture. The formation of the cocrystal was supported with X-ray powder diffraction, the enthalpy of fusion values, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The hydrogen bond interaction between curcumin and cinnamic acid was predicted from Fourier-transform infrared spectra, individually optimized curcumin and cinnamic acid structures by quantum mechanical calculations using Gaussian-09 and their respective unit cell packing structures

Nickel in Non-ferrous General Engineering Alloys

ALTHOUGH nickel in its wrought forms has important applications as an engineering material, particularly in the chemical and electronic industries, the major usage of the metal, in both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, is as an alloying element. Nickel-base alloys can be broadly divided into the nickel-chromium -base " Superalloys" for high-temperature service , and materials , such as nickel-copper and nickel-chromium- iron alloys, which are used for more general engineering purposes, particularly where resist-ance to corrosion is involved. The technology of the former type of material tends to be rather specialized, since it is concerned very largely with high-temperature properties, and it is not proposed to discuss these high-temperature alloys in this paper but to describe some recent developments in the nickel-base alloys of general engineering interest and in the nickel-containing copper-base and aluminiumbase alloys

A rare case of retroperitoneal tumor diagnosed as adrenal ancient schwannoma

Retroperitoneal ancient schwannoma is a rare condition. Schwannomas are mostly seen arising from head and neck, flexor aspects of extremities, with an incidence 0.7–2.7%. Other sites of schwannoma are rare with few recorded cases. Retroperitoneal schwannomas (RPS) are relatively rare and constitute only 3% of all schwannomas and 4% of retroperitoneal tumours. Diagnosis is mostly made by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Here we report a case of 60-year female with retroperitoneal ancient schwannoma, who presented with chronic abdominal pain

Nickel in Non-ferrous General Engineering Alloys

Some recent developments in the nickel-containing copper and aluminium alloys and in nickel alloys of general engineering interest, i.e. excluding the high-temperature alloys, are described in details in the paper. Alloy 625:- The nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy has recently been developed in the U.S.A. as a high-temperature material. It is now finding application in this field, but other uses which depend on the wet corrosion-resistance are under active investigation

Investigating the Soft X-ray Spectra of Solar Flare Onsets

In this study we present the analysis of six solar flare events that occurred in 2022, using new data from the third-generation Miniature X-Ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS), also known as the Dual-zone Aperture X-ray Solar Spectrometer (DAXSS). The primary focus of this study is on the flare's "onset phase", which is characterized by elevated soft X-ray emissions even before the flare's impulsive phase. We analyze the temporal evolution of plasma temperature, emission measure, and elemental abundance factors during the flare onset phase, by fitting the DAXSS spectra with the Astrophysical Plasma Emission Code (APEC) model. The model fitting results indicate that the flaring-plasma is already at a high temperature (10-15 MK) during the onset period. The temperature rises during the onset phase, followed by a decrease and subsequent increase during the impulsive phase. Elemental abundance factors show a trend of falling below pre-flare values during the onset phase, with some recovery before the impulsive phase. During the impulsive phase, the abundance factors decrease from elevated coronal values to about photospheric values. We also analyze images from the 193 Angstrom channel of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), highlighting the formation or brightening of coronal loop structures during the onset phase. Two distinct onset loop configurations are observed which are referred to as 1-loop and 2-loop onsets. Both DAXSS and AIA observations indicate that the flare onset phase exhibits similar hot coronal plasma properties as the impulsive phase, suggesting that the onset phase may act as a preconditioning effect for some flares.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, 2 table