On using Multiple Quality Link Metrics with Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Protocol for Wireless Multi-Hop Networks

In this paper, we compare and analyze performance of five quality link metrics forWireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs). The metrics are based on loss probability measurements; ETX, ETT, InvETX, ML and MD, in a distance vector routing protocol; DSDV. Among these selected metrics, we have implemented ML, MD, InvETX and ETT in DSDV which are previously implemented with different protocols; ML, MD, InvETX are implemented with OLSR, while ETT is implemented in MR-LQSR. For our comparison, we have selected Throughput, Normalized Routing Load (NRL) and End-to-End Delay (E2ED) as performance parameters. Finally, we deduce that InvETX due to low computational burden and link asymmetry measurement outperforms among all metrics

DSDV, DYMO, OLSR: Link Duration and Path Stability

In this paper, we evaluate and compare the impact of link duration and path stability of routing protocols; Destination Sequence Distance vector (DSDV), Dynamic MANET On- Demand (DYMO) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) at different number of connections and node density. In order to improve the efficiency of selected protocols; we enhance DYMO and OLSR. Simulation and comparison of both default and enhanced routing protocols is carried out under the performance parameters; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to End Delay (AE2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO). From the results, we observe that DYMO performs better than DSDV, MOD-OLSR and OLSR in terms of PDR, AE2ED, link duration and path stability at the cost of high value of NRO

Modeling and Evaluating Enhancements in Expanding Ring Search Algorithm for Wireless Reactive Protocols

In case of high dynamic topology, reactive routing protocols provide quick convergence by faster route discoveries and route maintenance. Frequent roadcasts reduce routing efficiency in terms of broadcast cost; Bk, and expected time cost; E[t]. These costs are optimized using different mechanisms. So, we select three reactive routing protocols; Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and DYnamic Manet On-demad (DYMO). We model expanding Ring Search (ERS); an optimization mechanism in the selected protocols to reduce Bk and E[t]. A novel contribution of this work is enhancement of default ERS in the protocols to optimize Bk and E[t]. Using NS-2, we evaluate and compare default-ERS used by these protocols; AODV-ERS1, DSR-ERS1 and DYMO-ERS1 with enhanced-ERS; AODVERS2, DSR-ERS2 and DYMO-ERS2. From modeling and analytical comparison, we deduce that by adjusting Time-To-Live (T TL) value of a network, efficient optimizations of Bk and E[t] can be achieved.Comment: 25th IEEE CCECE, 2012, Montreal Canad

Analysis and Modeling Experiment Performance Parameters of Routing Protocols in MANETs and VANETs

In this paper, a framework for experimental parameters in which Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), effect of link duration over End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO) in terms of control packets is analyzed and modeled for Mobile Ad-Hoc NETworks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-Hoc NETworks (VANETs) with the assumption that nodes (vehicles) are sparsely moving in two different road. Moreover, this paper contributes the performance comparison of one Proactive Routing Protocol; Destination Sequenced Distance vector (DSDV) and two reactive protocols; DYnamic Source Routing (DSR) and DYnamic MANET On-Demand (DYMO). A novel contribution of this work is enhancements in default versions of selected routing protocols. Three performance parameters; PDR, E2ED and NRO with varying scalabilities are measured to analyze the performance of selected routing protocols with their original and enhanced versions. From extensive simulations, it is observed that DSR outperforms among all three protocols at the cost of delay. NS-2 simulator is used for simulation with TwoRayGround propagation model to evaluate analytical results

Penggunaan Garam Beriodium Tingkat Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Sibolga Utara, Kota Sibolga

The use of iodized salt in the household is highly recommended because of the iodine function that is essensial for the human body. This survey aims to test the iodine content qualitatively and study the use of iodized salt at the household level in North Sibolga sub-district, Sibolga city.The analytical survey with cross sectional design was conducted in 19 integrated service posts (POSYANDU) located in the working area of Pintu Angin Public Health Centre (PUSKESMAS Pintu Angin) in November 2016. The respondents in this survey were representatives of household member who came to POSYANDU and brought the salt commonly consumed by family. A total of 237 respondents were interviewed. Respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Rapid test of iodine content in salt using reagent kit (PT Kimia Farma) was done to test he iodine qualitatively. Survey results show that all of households of respondents use salt in packs that have labeled “iodized salt” or similar statements. However, from iodine rapid test results found 2.5% of households whose iodine content in ithe salt has been lost. The quality of iodine content in salt at the household is significantly influenced only by salt storage (open or closed)

Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Due to MTMR2 Mutations and Implications in Membrane Trafficking

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4 (CMT4) is an autosomal recessive severe form of neuropathy with genetic heterogeneity. CMT4B1 is caused by mutations in the myotubularin-related 2 (MTMR2) gene and as a member of the myotubularin family, the MTMR2 protein is crucial for the modulation of membrane trafficking. To enable future clinical trials, we performed a detailed review of the published cases with MTMR2 mutations and describe four novel cases identified through whole-exome sequencing (WES). The four unrelated families harbor novel homozygous mutations in MTMR2 (NM_016156, Family 1: c.1490dupC; p.Phe498IlefsTer2; Family 2: c.1479+1G>A; Family 3: c.1090C>T; p.Arg364Ter; Family 4: c.883C>T; p.Arg295Ter) and present with CMT4B1-related severe early-onset motor and sensory neuropathy, generalized muscle atrophy, facial and bulbar weakness, and pes cavus deformity. The clinical description of the new mutations reported here overlap with previously reported CMT4B1 phenotypes caused by mutations in the phosphatase domain of MTMR2, suggesting that nonsense MTMR2 mutations, which are predicted to result in loss or disruption of the phosphatase domain, are associated with a severe phenotype and loss of independent ambulation by the early twenties. Whereas the few reported missense mutations and also those truncating mutations occurring at the C-terminus after the phosphatase domain cause a rather mild phenotype and patients were still ambulatory above the age 30 years. Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and Centronuclear Myopathy causing mutations have been shown to occur in proteins involved in membrane remodeling and trafficking pathway mediated by phosphoinositides. Earlier studies have showing the rescue of MTM1 myopathy by MTMR2 overexpression, emphasize the importance of maintaining the phosphoinositides equilibrium and highlight a potential compensatory mechanism amongst members of this pathway. This proved that the regulation of expression of these proteins involved in the membrane remodeling pathway may compensate each other's loss- or gain-of-function mutations by restoring the phosphoinositides equilibrium. This provides a potential therapeutic strategy for neuromuscular diseases resulting from mutations in the membrane remodeling pathway

Impact of ploidy and cell size on genome expression in fission yeast

Cells are classified based on their ploidy into haploids, containing a single chromosome set, diploids, containing two chromosome sets, polyploids, containing more than two chromosome sets, and aneuploids, containing abnormal chromosome numbers. Polyploidy is typically accompanied by increased cell size. Polyploid cells are found in most tumors and exhibit chromosomal instability that leads to aneuploidy. The effects of aberrant ploidy on genome regulation and on cell size are not well understood. I used fission yeast as a model to analyse impacts of altered ploidy and cell size on gene expression. Using aneuploids that are disomic or trisomic for a portion of chromosome III, I find that total mRNA levels scale with DNA copy numbers. Aneuploidy also affects the transcription of some genes present in monosomic areas, possibly reflecting associated regulatory genes in disomic or trisomic areas. I also analysed the effect of polyploidy on genome expression by constructing diploid and tetraploid strains. Diploids were stable with normal cell shape, while tetraploids showed irregular morphologies and often lost chromosomes. Increased ploidy resulted in increased cell size, and also in a linear increase in cellular RNA levels. Using spike-in controls and normalization, we showed that increased transcription in polyploids does not affect ratios between total RNA and mRNA. Cells kept a tight control on genome-wide transcription which generally scaled with the copy numbers of genes, a few genes were differentially regulated as a function of polyploidy and/or cell size. These genes were present in multiple copies close to telomeres and may function at the cell surface. They were also differentially regulated in haploid cell-size mutants, indicating a role of cell size, rather than ploidy, in controlling these genes. Intriguingly, deletion and overexpression of these genes in turn resulted in a significant decrease or increase in cell size, respectively, raising the possibility that the genes are involved in size control

Numerical solution for stiff initial value problems using 2-point block multistep method

This paper focuses on the derivation of an improved 2-point Block Backward Differentiation Formula of order five (I2BBDF(5)) for solving stiff first order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). The I2BBDF(5) method is derived by using Taylor's series expansion to obtain the coefficients of the formula. To verify the efficiency of the I2BBDF(5) method, stiff problems from the literature are tested and compared with the existing solver for stiff ODEs. From the numerical results, we conclude that the I2BBDF(5) method can be an alternative solver for solving stiff ODE