Flavonoids: an overview

Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. This is attributed to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. Research on flavonoids received an added impulse with the discovery of the low cardiovascular mortality rate and also prevention of CHD. Information on the working mechanisms of flavonoids is still not understood properly. However, it has widely been known for centuries that derivatives of plant origin possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. Current trends of research and development activities on flavonoids relate to isolation, identification, characterisation and functions of flavonoids and finally their applications on health benefits. Molecular docking and knowledge of bioinformatics are also being used to predict potential applications and manufacturing by industry. In the present review, attempts have been made to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, working mechanisms of flavonoids, flavonoid functions and applications, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing chronic diseases and future research directions

Potensi Agribisnisusahaternak Ayam Broiler Di Kota Kendari

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis lembaga saluran dan pemasaran, untuk mengetahui bagian dari harga yang diterima oleh petani broiler dan lembaga pemasaran, untuk menganalisis tingkat marjin pemasaran petani broiler, tingkat lembaga pemasaran dan konsumen dengan tingkat pendapatan petani broiler.. Bahan penelitian adalah baik petani broiler mitra atau tidak miter untuk Perusahaan dengan kapasitas produksi antara 2,500-4,000 ekor. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian survei. Sedangkan untuk menentukan lokasi penelitian dengan menggunakan purposive sampling dan mengambil 35 responden terdiri 5 petani broiler dan 30 pedagang perantara dengan menggunakan purposive. Tabulasi data diperoleh dan dianalisis dengan memasarkan margin dan tingkat broiler pendapatan petani yang menguraikan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa saluran broiler pemasaran di Kota Kendari yang terlibat 4 jenis dengan dua lembaga pemasaran yang terlibat: pedagang pengumpul dan pedagang pengecer, bagian dari harga yang diterima petani broiler dari konsumen terakhir adalah 68,8% sedangkan bagian dari harga yang diterima lembaga pemasaran adalah 31,2%, marjin pemasaran pada harga broiler dari petani broiler ke konsumen terakhir adalah Rp.14.150 ekor-1 (penjualan broiler di tingkat peternak broiler adalah Rp.31.200 ekor-1, petani broiler untuk kolektor pedagang adalah Rp. 9.000 ekor-1 dan pedagang pengumpul ke pengecer adalah 5.150 ekor-1) dan tingkat pendapatan petani broiler di Kota Kendari itu Rp.17.046.139 siklus 1 atau Rp.5.013 ekor-1 cycle- 1

Gene editing (CRISPR-Cas) technology and fisheries sector

Considering the advantages of gene editing technologies, in recent years, emphasis has been given on three main techniques of gene editing i.e. zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease system. In all of these three technologies one thing is common i.e. the technology utilizes restriction enzymes to break down the double stranded DNA molecule at a targeted location with the help of another molecule of homologous binding protein or RNA, which is also called as a guide RNA molecule. This targeted breaking and repair of the DNA molecule as per our requirement is generally viewed as a great breakthrough in gene therapy methods. In fisheries sector, in order to promote aquaculture/mariculture activities, aquaculture industries are facing number of challenges, particularly in area of quality and demand of seed production, control of health and disease management, production of quality traits with phenotypically improved varieties, and strengthening of immune system. Several efforts are being made both at public and private sectors to develop scientific technologies to meet these challenges and substantial achievements have also been made. But still these challenges remained as major constraints in hampering the growth of this industry as per the demand and expectations. However, with the advent of now recently developed gene editing techniques, we may have to explore and evaluate the possibilities of applications of this technology as a long lasting solution in addressing at least some of the vital issues of the aquaculture industry particularly in those related to altering targeted gene structure in the species for positive impact

Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment for Precise Measurements of Mixing Parameters and CP Violating Effects

We analyze the prospects of a feasible, Brookhaven National Laboratory based, very long baseline (BVLB) neutrino oscillation experiment consisting of a conventional horn produced low energy wide band beam and a detector of 500 kT fiducial mass with modest requirements on event recognition and resolution. Such an experiment is intended primarily to determine CP violating effects in the neutrino sector for 3-generation mixing. We analyze the sensitivity of such an experiment. We conclude that this experiment will allow determination of the CP phase $\delta_{CP}$ and the currently unknown mixing parameter $\theta_{13}$, if $\sin ^2 2 \theta_{13} \geq 0.01$, a value $\sim 15$ times lower than the present experimental upper limit. In addition to $\theta_{13}$ and $\delta_{CP}$, the experiment has great potential for precise measurements of most other parameters in the neutrino mixing matrix including $\Delta m^2_{32}$, $\sin^2 2\theta_{23}$, $\Delta m^2_{21}\times \sin 2 \theta_{12}$, and the mass ordering of neutrinos through the observation of the matter effect in the $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ appearance channel.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure