Policelli et al_Invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi can disperse in the absence of their known vectors_Metadata

MANUSCRIPT TITLE: Invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi can disperse in the absence of their known vectors AUTHORS: Policelli, N; Horton, TR; Kitzberger, T; Nuñez, MA. METADATA DESCRIPTION: Metadata includes raw data from the greenhouse experiment (biomass -above and belowground-, EMF colonization, germination, and survival of plants). It also includes field data: vegetation survey of the different sites together with uprooted surface and number of feces. For data analysis details please refer to the Methods section of the manuscript. ABSTRACT: Positive interactions between non-native species can accelerate their invasion rate and exacerbate their impacts. This has been shown for non-native mammals that disperse invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), in turn facilitating the invasion of trees. While wind is the main short-distance dispersal mechanism for most EMF species, mammal-mediated dispersion is assumed to be the main mechanism of EMF long distance dispersal, being particularly critical for hypogeous truffle-like EMF species. We asked whether the absence of non-native mammals is an obstacle for pine invasion given the lack of invasive EMF being dispersed. We studied EMF species colonization and pine trees’ growth in soil from mainland sites where non-native mammals are highly abundant, and lake islets in which they have been historically absent. Contrary to what we expected, we found invasive EMF, including hypogeous species, in sites where invasive mammals have been historically absent. Pine trees grew equally well and had the same EMF colonization in soil from mainland and islets. Two non-native invasive EMF species were present in the islets, one of them hypogeous. The absence of invasive mammals does not hinder the invasion of EMF, which are critical for pine invasion. Alternative mechanisms of EMF dispersal, such as saltation, bird dispersal, or human dispersal, can be involved in their arrival to native stands. The presence of invasive EMF makes native sites vulnerable to pine invasion, even in the absence of mammalian dispersers

Policelli et al_Invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi can disperse in the absence of their known vectors_Metadata

MANUSCRIPT TITLE: Invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi can disperse in the absence of their known vectors AUTHORS: Policelli, N; Horton, TR; Kitzberger, T; Nuñez, MA. METADATA DESCRIPTION: Metadata includes raw data from the greenhouse experiment (biomass -above and belowground-, EMF colonization, germination, and survival of plants). It also includes field data: vegetation survey of the different sites together with uprooted surface and number of feces. For data analysis details please refer to the Methods section of the manuscript. ABSTRACT: Positive interactions between non-native species can accelerate their invasion rate and exacerbate their impacts. This has been shown for non-native mammals that disperse invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), in turn facilitating the invasion of trees. While wind is the main short-distance dispersal mechanism for most EMF species, mammal-mediated dispersion is assumed to be the main mechanism of EMF long distance dispersal, being particularly critical for hypogeous truffle-like EMF species. We asked whether the absence of non-native mammals is an obstacle for pine invasion given the lack of invasive EMF being dispersed. We studied EMF species colonization and pine trees’ growth in soil from mainland sites where non-native mammals are highly abundant, and lake islets in which they have been historically absent. Contrary to what we expected, we found invasive EMF, including hypogeous species, in sites where invasive mammals have been historically absent. Pine trees grew equally well and had the same EMF colonization in soil from mainland and islets. Two non-native invasive EMF species were present in the islets, one of them hypogeous. The absence of invasive mammals does not hinder the invasion of EMF, which are critical for pine invasion. Alternative mechanisms of EMF dispersal, such as saltation, bird dispersal, or human dispersal, can be involved in their arrival to native stands. The presence of invasive EMF makes native sites vulnerable to pine invasion, even in the absence of mammalian dispersers

Acquisition of Earth Science Remote Sensing Observations from Commercial Sources: Lessons Learned from the Space Imaging IKONOS Example

In an effort to more full explore the potential of commercial remotely sensed land data sources, the NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) implemented an experimental Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) that solicited bids from the private sector to meet ESE-user data needs. The images from the Space Imaging IKONOS system provided a particularly good match to the current ESE missions such as Terra and Landsat 7 and therefore serve as a focal point in this analysis

Calibration of Maxar Constellation Over Libya-4 Site Using MAIAC Technique

The very high resolution commercial satellite constellation of Maxar offers unique opportunities for a wide range of Earth science research and applications. The key to their widespread and effective use is stable and consistent calibration. In this article, we characterized the long-term calibration trends and cross-calibration coefficients for the four Maxar satellites (GeoEye-1, QuickBird-2, WorldView-2, and WorldView-3) using the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) processing technique. Utilizing MAIAC Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmosphere and surface products, we calculated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance for the Blue, Green, Red, and near-infrared, or “NIR1” (NIR) bands over the Libya-4 desert site. To ensure data consistency, we applied geometric normalization to account for variations in TOA reflectance arising from different view geometries. In addition, a spatial transfer technique was employed to increase the number of samples and yield more robust statistical trend analysis. Our analysis revealed that half of the bands exhibited statistically significant calibration trends. These trends were found to be 2–3 times higher in magnitude compared with those observed in the early Collection 6 MODIS. After detrending, Maxar sensors were cross-calibrated to MODIS Aqua, considered as a calibration standard. In this process, German Aerospace Center (DLR) Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer hyperspectral measurements were used for spectral conversion required to align Maxar with MODIS bands. The cross-calibration analysis shows that GeoEye-1, WorldView-2, and WorldView-3 were systematically higher than MODIS Aqua by 2%–4% in the Blue, Green, and NIR bands, and by 7%–8% in the Red band. Detrending and cross-calibration to MODIS Aqua effectively transforms the Maxar constellation into a common sensor system enhancing spatiotemporal coverage and broadening the potential range of applications

Ecology and management of invasive Pinaceae around the world: progress and challenges

Many species in the family Pinaceae are invaders. These species are relatively easy to control because of some of their intrinsic characteristics and because they are highly visible and easy to eliminate. Many Pinaceae species have been well studied because of their use in forestry and their invasive behavior in many countries. The impacts of invasive Pinaceae are not only ecological, but also economic and social. We review the ecology and management of Pinaceae invasions and explore how restoration of invaded areas should be addressed. There are many ways to prevent invasions and to deal with them. Planting less invasive species, better site selection, and invasion monitoring are used successfully in different parts of the world to prevent invasion. Mechanical and chemical methods are used effectively to control Pinaceae invasions. Control is more effective at the early stages of invasion. Old invasions are more problematic as their elimination is more expensive, and the restoration of native vegetation is challenging. In some areas, native vegetation cannot thrive after Pinaceae have been removed, and weeds colonize cleared areas. More attention is needed to prevent the initiation and spread of invasions by focusing control interventions at early stages of invasion. Finding new ways of dealing sustainably with conflicts of interest between foresters and conservationists is crucial. Non-native Pinaceae are important parts of the economies and landscapes in several countries and they will continue to play such a role in the future. Despite the numerous challenges facing Pinaceae invasion management, several approaches can be successful at controlling them. Proper application of current techniques and development of more efficient ones is needed if the goal of maximizing benefits and minimizing negative impacts is to be achieved

Public Health Data Applications Using the CDC Tracking Network: Augmenting Environmental Hazard Information With Lower‐Latency NASA Data

Abstract Exposure to environmental hazards is an important determinant of health, and the frequency and severity of exposures is expected to be impacted by climate change. Through a partnership with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network is integrating timely observations and model data of priority environmental hazards into its publicly accessible Data Explorer (https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/DataExplorer/). Newly integrated data sets over the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) include: daily 5‐day forecasts of air quality based on the Goddard Earth Observing System Composition Forecast, daily historical (1980‐present) concentrations of speciated PM2.5 based on the modern era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily near real‐time maps of flooding (MCDWD). Data integrated into the CDC Tracking Network are broadly intended to improve community health through action by informing both research and early warning activities, including (a) describing temporal and spatial trends in disease and potential environmental exposures, (b) identifying populations most affected, (c) generating hypotheses about associations between health and environmental exposures, and (d) developing, guiding, and assessing environmental public health policies and interventions aimed at reducing or eliminating health outcomes associated with environmental factors