A question of quality: do children from disadvantaged backgrounds receive lower quality early childhood education and care?

This paper examines how the quality of early childhood education and care accessed by three and four year olds in England varies by children’s background. Focusing on the free entitlement to early education, the analysis combines information from three administrative datasets for 2010-11, the Early Years Census, the Schools Census and the Ofsted inspections dataset, to obtain two main indicators of quality: staff qualification levels and Ofsted ratings. These data are combined with child-level indicators of area deprivation (IDACI scores) as a proxy measure of children’s background. The paper finds that children from more disadvantaged areas have access to better qualified staff, largely because they are more likely than children from richer areas to attend maintained nursery classes staffed by teachers, and less likely to attend services in the private, voluntary and independent (PVI) sectors. However, within both maintained and PVI sectors, services catering for more disadvantaged children receive poorer quality ratings from Ofsted, with a higher concentration of children from disadvantaged areas itself appearing to reduce the likelihood of top Ofsted grades. This may be in part because Ofsted ratings reflect levels of child development, and therefore reward settings where children enter at a more advanced starting point, but it may also be that it is genuinely harder to deliver an outstanding service to a more disadvantaged intake. The result point to the need for funding to support better qualified staff in PVI settings in disadvantaged areas

Lawsone Unleashed: A Comprehensive Review on Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Therapeutic Potentials

Aathira Sujathan Nair,1 Mahendran Sekar,1 Siew Hua Gan,1 Vinoth Kumarasamy,2 Vetriselvan Subramaniyan,3 Yuan Seng Wu,4 Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani,5 Subban Ravi,6 Ling Shing Wong7 1School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia; 2Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia; 3Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia; 4Sunway Microbiome Centre & Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia; 5Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia; 6Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; 7Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Mahendran Sekar, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia, Email [email protected] Vinoth Kumarasamy, Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia, Email [email protected]: Lawsone, a naturally occurring organic compound also called hennotannic acid, obtained mainly from Lawsonia inermis (Henna). It is a potential drug-like molecule with unique chemical and biological characteristics. Traditionally, henna is used in hair and skin coloring and is also a medicinal herb for various diseases. It is also widely used as a starting material for the synthesis of various drug molecules. In this review, we investigate on the chemistry, biosynthesis, physical and biological properties of lawsone. The results showed that lawsone has potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumor properties. It also induces cell cycle inhibition and programmed cell death in cancer, making it a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Additionally, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production makes it an essential treatment for inflammatory diseases. Exploration of its biosynthetic pathway can pave the way for its development into targets for new drug development. In future, well-thought-out clinical studies should be made to verify its safety and efficacy. Keywords: lawsone, Lawsonia inermis, henna, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobia

A collection of articles by students of the second higher education (master's) level of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law of the University of the Federal State of Ukraine: in 5 hours, Part 3.

У збірнику опубліковано статті здобувачів вищої освіти другого (магістерського) рівня. Видання призначене для молодих вчених, аспірантів, здобувачів вищої освіти. The collection publishes articles by students of the second (master's) level of higher education. The publication is intended for young scientists, post-graduate students, students of higher education

A collection of articles by students of the second higher education of the (master's) level of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law of the University of the SFS of Ukraine: in 5 hours, Part 5.

У збірнику опубліковано статті здобувачів вищої освіти другого (магістерського) рівня. Видання призначене для молодих вчених, аспірантів, здобувачів вищої освіти. The collection publishes articles by students of the second (master's) level of higher education. The publication is intended for young scientists, post-graduate students, students of higher education

A collection of articles by students of the second higher education (master's) level of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law of the University of the Federal State of Ukraine: in 5 hours, Part 4.

У збірнику опубліковано статті здобувачів вищої освіти другого (магістерського) рівня. Видання призначене для молодих вчених, аспірантів, здобувачів вищої освіти. The collection publishes articles by students of the second (master's) level of higher education. The publication is intended for young scientists, post-graduate students, students of higher education

A collection of articles by students of the second higher education (master's) level of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law of the State Federal Service of Ukraine University: in 5 hours, Part 1.

У збірнику опубліковано статті здобувачів вищої освіти другого (магістерського) рівня. Видання призначене для молодих вчених, аспірантів, здобувачів вищої освіти. The collection publishes articles by students of the second (master's) level of higher education. The publication is intended for young scientists, post-graduate students, students of higher education

A collection of articles by students of the second higher education (master's) level of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law of the University of the Federal State of Ukraine: in 5 hours, Part 2.

У збірнику опубліковано статті здобувачів вищої освіти другого (магістерського) рівня. Видання призначене для молодих вчених, аспірантів, здобувачів вищої освіти. The collection publishes articles by students of the second (master's) level of higher education. The publication is intended for young scientists, post-graduate students, students of higher education