Biología de oligonychus yothersi (mcgregor) (acari: tetranychidae) sobre aguacate persea americana mill. cv. lorena (lauraceae)

Se estudió la biología del ácaro rojo Oligonychus yothersi en condiciones controladas(26 ± 3°C 56 ± 3% HR), sobre hojas maduras de aguacate, Persea americana Mill. cv.Lorena. Las observaciones se realizaron durante una generación del ácaro. La duraciónde todos los estados, a excepción del adulto, fueron los siguientes: huevo 119.06 horas±13.77 (4.96 días); larva 54.09 horas ± 18.48 (2.25 días), protocrisálida 18.22 ± 9.53(0.76 días), protoninfa 50.62 horas ± 13.29 (2.11 días), deutocrisalida 21.66 horas ±7.78 (0.90 días), deutoninfa 62.54 horas ± 12.85 (2.61 días) y teliocrisalida 30.79 horas± 13.28 (1.28 días). La duración total de huevo a emergencia de adulto fue estimadaen 344.21 horas (14.34 días). La relación de sexos encontrada fue de 4.8 hembras: 1macho. Los parámetros poblacionales, i.e., longevidad, fecundidad, tasa intrínsecade crecimiento (r m ), tiempo de duplicación y tiempo generacional, sugieren un altopotencial reproductivo y de desarrollo del ácaro sobre aguacate cv. Lorena

Ticks (ACARI IXODIDAE) in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Objetivos: Reconocer las especies de Ixodidae en el Valle del Cauca permite establecer medidas preventivas para el manejo de las enfermedades transmitidas por estos ectoparásitos y el riesgo de propagación de estos vectores. Alcance: Inventario de garrapatas duras del Valle del Cauca y fortalecimiento de la Colección Entomológica de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira (CEUNP). Metodología: Se recolectaron 1.897 garrapatas en todos los estadios de desarrollo, sobre animales domésticos y silvestres en 11 localidades del departamento y se identificaron  mediante claves taxonómicas. Principales resultados: 11 especies de los géneros Rhipicephalus (Koch, 1844), Anocentor (Neumann, 1897), Amblyomma (Koch, 1844) e Ixodes (Latreille, 1795). El 53% de los individuos colectados correspondió a R. (B.) microplus,  siempre asociada a bovinos, seguido por Anocentor nitens asociada a equinos en un 33%. Las otras especies encontradas se presentaron en menor abundancia, así: R. sanguineus sobre caninos, A. nodosum sobre Tamandua tetradactyla, Amblyomma cajennense sobre equinos y bovinos, Ixodes spp. sobre equinos, Didelphis marsupialis, Amblyomma  rotundatum sobre Rhinella marina, Amblyomma spp. sobre bovinos, Amblyomma maculatum sobre equinos, Rhipicephalus spp. Sobre T. Tetradactyla; y Amblyomma dissimile sobre Bothrops asper. Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte de la presencia de Amblyomma nodosum en Tamandua tetradactyla en la Reserva Forestal Bosque de Yotoco y se confi rmó la presencia de ejemplares previamente reportados para el Valle del Cauca.Objectives: To recognize the species of Ixodidae in Valle del Cauca, to establish preventive measures for the management of diseases trensmitted by these ectoparasites and the risk of propagation of these vectors. Scope: Inventory of hard ticks from Valle del Cauca and strengthening of the Entomological collection of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira (CEUNP). Methodology: A total of 1,897 ticks, at all stages of development, were collected on domestic and wild animals from 11 locations in the Department and they were identified by taxonomic keys. Main results: eleven species belonged to the genera Rhipicephalus (Koch, 1844), Dermacentor (Koch, 1844), Amblyomma (Koch, 1844) and Ixodes (Latreille, 1795). Fifty-three percent of the individuals collected corresponded to R. (B.) microplus, always associated with bovines, followed by Anocentor nitens associated with horses by 33%. The other species found were present in lower abundance as follows: R. sanguineus on canines; A. nodosum on Tamandua tetradactyla; A. cajennense on horses and cattle; Ixodes spp. on horses; Didelphis marsupialis, A. rotundatum on Rhinella marina; Amblyomma spp. on cattle; Amblyomma maculatum on horsed; Rhipicephalus spp. on T. Tetradactyla; and A. dissimile on Bothrops asper. Conclusions: This is the first report of Amblyomma nodosum in Tamandua tetradactyla in the de Yotoco Forest Reserve and the presence of previously reported specimens for Valle del Cauca was confirmed

Evaluation of biological control strategies for polyphagotarsonemus latus (banks) and phyllocoptruta oleivora (ashmead) on valencia orange

The damage caused by P. latus and P. oleivora mites in the orange crop Valencia (Citrus sinensis L.) has an economical detrimental impact due to the external damage of the fruits. To evaluate the effect of biological control agents for these two pests, this work was carried out in a commercial crop in Caicedonia, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block, in which the following treatments were evaluated: (1) release of Phytoseiidae native species: Neoseiulus anonymus, Neoseiulus californicus, Iphiseiodes zuluagai and Amblyseius herbicolus (500 individuals / tree); (2) release of Chrysoperla carnea larvae (100 larvae/tree); (3) exclusion of beneficial agents (localized application of cypermethrin 2 cm3/l) and (4) farmer control (localized application of abamectin, 1.5 cm3/l). The releases and applications of the treatments were made on marked floral clusters and fruits in the middle third of each tree. Evaluations were made weekly until harvest time. For management of P. latus it was found that the treatments Phytoseiidae release, C. carnea release and abamectin application showed the least damage; exclusion of the beneficial agents demonstrated the importance of the natural control agents on this pest. For management of P. oleivora, C. carnea release and abamectin application showed the least damage. In release treatments of Phytoseiidae native species and the exclusion of beneficial agents, P. oleivora caused significant damage.El daño ocasionado por los ácaros Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) y Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) en el cultivo de naranja Valencia (Citrus sinensis L.) es reconocido tanto por el impacto económico como por el dao externo de los frutos. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de agentes biológicos para el control de estas plagas en un cultivo comercial de naranja Valencia en el municipio de Caicedonia, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se usó un diseo de bloques completos al azar para evaluar los tratamientos siguientes: (1) liberación de especies de Phytoseiidae nativos (Neoseiulus anonymus,Neoseiulus californicus, Iphiseiodes zuluagai y Amblyseius herbicolus en poblaciones de 500 individuos/árbol; (2) liberación de larvas de Chrysoperla carnea (100 larvas/árbol); (3) aplicación localizada de cipermetrina 2 cm3/l como tratamiento de exclusión de agentes benéficos; y (4) testigo consistente en el tratamiento utilizado por los agricultores (aplicación localizada de abamectina, 1.5 cm3/l). Las liberaciones de las especies benéficas y las aplicaciones de los tratamientos se realizaron sobre racimos florales y frutos marcados en el tercio medio de cada árbol. Las evaluaciones de daos se realizaron cada semana hasta la cosecha. Los tratamientos de liberación de Phytoseiidae, liberación de larvas de C. carnea y aplicación de abamectina presentaron el menor dao de P. latus; el tratamiento de exclusión de benéficos demostró la importancia de los agentes controladores naturales sobre la plaga. En el manejo de P. oleivora, los tratamientos de liberación de larvas de C. carnea y aplicación de abamectina presentaron los mejores resultados con el menor dao en frutos. La población de P. oleivora ocasionó daos significativos en el tratamiento de liberación de ácaros Phytoseiidae y exclusión de benéficos

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Epigenome-wide association study of kidney function identifies trans-ethnic and ethnic-specific loci

Background DNA methylation (DNAm) is associated with gene regulation and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function. Decreased eGFR is more common among US Hispanics and African Americans. The causes for this are poorly understood. We aimed to identify trans-ethnic and ethnic-specific differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with eGFR using an agnostic, genome-wide approach. Methods The study included up to 5428 participants from multi-ethnic studies for discovery and 8109 participants for replication. We tested the associations between whole blood DNAm and eGFR using beta values from Illumina 450K or EPIC arrays. Ethnicity-stratified analyses were performed using linear mixed models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and study-specific and technical variables. Summary results were meta-analyzed within and across ethnicities. Findings were assessed using integrative epigenomics methods and pathway analyses. Results We identified 93 DMPs associated with eGFR at an FDR of 0.05 and replicated 13 and 1 DMPs across independent samples in trans-ethnic and African American meta-analyses, respectively. The study also validated 6 previously published DMPs. Identified DMPs showed significant overlap enrichment with DNase I hypersensitive sites in kidney tissue, sites associated with the expression of proximal genes, and transcription factor motifs and pathways associated with kidney tissue and kidney development. Conclusions We uncovered trans-ethnic and ethnic-specific DMPs associated with eGFR, including DMPs enriched in regulatory elements in kidney tissue and pathways related to kidney development. These findings shed light on epigenetic mechanisms associated with kidney function, bridging the gap between population-specific eGFR-associated DNAm and tissue-specific regulatory context

Database of epidemic trends and control measures during the first wave of COVID-19 in mainland China.

OBJECTIVES: In this data collation study, we aimed to provide a comprehensive database describing the epidemic trends and responses during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) throughout the main provinces in China. METHODS: From mid-January to March 2020, we extracted publicly available data regarding the spread and control of COVID-19 from 31 provincial health authorities and major media outlets in mainland China. Based on these data, we conducted descriptive analyses of the epidemic in the six most-affected provinces. RESULTS: School closures, travel restrictions, community-level lockdown, and contact tracing were introduced concurrently around late January but subsequent epidemic trends differed among provinces. Compared with Hubei, the other five most-affected provinces reported a lower crude case fatality ratio and proportion of critical and severe hospitalised cases. From March 2020, as the local transmission of COVID-19 declined, switching the focus of measures to the testing and quarantine of inbound travellers may have helped to sustain the control of the epidemic. CONCLUSIONS: Aggregated indicators of case notifications and severity distributions are essential for monitoring an epidemic. A publicly available database containing these indicators and information regarding control measures is a useful resource for further research and policy planning in response to the COVID-19 epidemic

Ciclo de vida y hábitos alimenticios de Neoseiulus anonymus, predador de Acaros Tetranychidae en yuca

Entre las especies de Phytoseiidae  (Acarina) de más amplia distribución en cultivos de yuca, en el departamento del Valle se encontró a Neoseiulus  anonymus  (Chant  &amp; Baker), la cual se presentó asociada con Tetranychus urticae  ( Koch). Mononyclellus proqresivus ( Doreste),  Oligonychus peruvianus( Mc Cregor) (Aceri:  Tetranychidae) y ácaros de las familias Tenuipalpidae y Eriophyidae. El N. anonymus ha sido hallado en Colombia, en los siguientes huéspedes vegetales:  Gycine soja, Vigna  vexillata,  Grssypium hirsutum   (Zuluaga,   1971; Denmark y Muma, 1972) Cocos nucifera,  Amaranthus sp., Tagetes sp., (Ica, 1984). Esta especie también ha sido registrada en Honduras, Brasil, Guatemala y Venezuela ...</jats:p

<strong>First record of the spider mite genus <em>Mixonychus</em> (Acari: Tetranychidae) from the Americas based on the description of a new species from Colombia</strong>

A spider mite of the genus Mixonychus is reported for the first time from the Americas; a new species, Mixonychus (Bakerina) citraeus sp. nov. is described based on specimens from Citrus in Colombia. It is suggested that the new species be considered  of quarantine concern for Brazil and Venezuela and, may be, other neighbouring countries of Colombia (Ecuador and Peru)

BIOLOGÍA DE OLIGONYCHUS YOTHERSI (MCGREGOR) (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) SOBRE AGUACATE PERSEA AMERICANA MILL. CV. LORENA (LAURACEAE)

Se estudió la biología del ácaro rojo Oligonychus yothersi en condiciones controladas(26 ± 3°C 56 ± 3% HR), sobre hojas maduras de aguacate, Persea americana Mill. cv.Lorena. Las observaciones se realizaron durante una generación del ácaro. La duraciónde todos los estados, a excepción del adulto, fueron los siguientes: huevo 119.06 horas±13.77 (4.96 días); larva 54.09 horas ± 18.48 (2.25 días), protocrisálida 18.22 ± 9.53(0.76 días), protoninfa 50.62 horas ± 13.29 (2.11 días), deutocrisalida 21.66 horas ±7.78 (0.90 días), deutoninfa 62.54 horas ± 12.85 (2.61 días) y teliocrisalida 30.79 horas± 13.28 (1.28 días). La duración total de huevo a emergencia de adulto fue estimadaen 344.21 horas (14.34 días). La relación de sexos encontrada fue de 4.8 hembras: 1macho. Los parámetros poblacionales, i.e., longevidad, fecundidad, tasa intrínsecade crecimiento (r m ), tiempo de duplicación y tiempo generacional, sugieren un altopotencial reproductivo y de desarrollo del ácaro sobre aguacate cv. Lorena