The Attorney-Client Privilege and Information Disclosed to an Attorney with the Intention That the Attorney Draft a Document To Be Released to Third Parties: Public Policy Calls for at Least the Strictest Application of the Attorney-Client Privilege

The attorney-client privilege is the oldest evidentiary privilege known to the common law. It exists to encourage clients to openly communicate with their attorneys. Some commentators, however, have questioned the value of the privilege and called for its elimination. This policy debate, though unlikely to influence typical privilege disputes, is important when the application of the attorney-client privilege is unclear. One example is when a client conveys information to her attorney with the intent that the attorney draft a document to be released to a third party. This Note seeks to shed light on the arguments for and against the application of the attorney-client privilege to this scenario, and concludes that public policy calls for a strict application of the privilege

The Attorney-Client Privilege and Information Disclosed to an Attorney with the Intention That the Attorney Draft a Document To Be Released to Third Parties: Public Policy Calls for at Least the Strictest Application of the Attorney-Client Privilege

The attorney-client privilege is the oldest evidentiary privilege known to the common law. It exists to encourage clients to openly communicate with their attorneys. Some commentators, however, have questioned the value of the privilege and called for its elimination. This policy debate, though unlikely to influence typical privilege disputes, is important when the application of the attorney-client privilege is unclear. One example is when a client conveys information to her attorney with the intent that the attorney draft a document to be released to a third party. This Note seeks to shed light on the arguments for and against the application of the attorney-client privilege to this scenario, and concludes that public policy calls for a strict application of the privilege

Posterior propriety in Bayesian extreme value analyses using reference priors

The Generalized Pareto (GP) and Generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions play an important role in extreme value analyses, as models for threshold excesses and block maxima respectively. For each of these distributions we consider Bayesian inference using "reference" prior distributions (in the general sense of priors constructed using formal rules) for the model parameters, specifically a Jeffreys prior, the maximal data information (MDI) prior and independent uniform priors on separate model parameters. We investigate the important issue of whether these improper priors lead to proper posterior distributions. We show that, in the GP and GEV cases, the MDI prior, unless modified, never yields a proper posterior and that in the GEV case this also applies to the Jeffreys prior. We also show that a sample size of three (four) is sufficient for independent uniform priors to yield a proper posterior distribution in the GP (GEV) case.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures; typo corrected on page 5 (line -2, Euler's constant corrected to approx. 0.57722). The final publication is available at http://www3.stat.sinica.edu.tw/preprint/SS-14-034_preprint.pdf or http://dx.doi.org/10.5705/ss.2014.03

The Changing Role of the Atomic Energy Commission in Atomic Power Development

Samhällets finansiering av bostadsbyggandet har minskat radikalt. Nyproducerade bostäder erbjuds främst till kundgrupper med kapital. Därför är det viktigt att se på bostadsefterfrågan utgående från olika individers handlingsmöjligheter. I rapporten visas att hushållens livscykel bestämmer mycket av bostadspreferenser.Livsform, här utbildningsnivå och hemort, påverkar livscykelns skeenden. Livsstil är till stor del en produkt av livscykel och livsform. De grupper som har störst resurser har också störst möjlighet att utveckla livsstilar med betydelse för bostadsval. 8 olika konsumentgrupper beskrivs, huvudsakligen ur Stockholmsperspektiv. Barnfamiljers starka önskan om småhus framträder, särskilt då andra barnet kommer. Högutbildade ensamstående kvinnor vill bo i innerstad nära kulturutbud, medan ensamstående män vill bo centralt ur kommunikationssynpunkt. De äldre par som säljer familjevillan har önskemål utöver sjönära bostadsrätt. Resultaten bidrar till att öka kunskapen också om de skiftande bostadsbehov som inte ger sig till känna på marknaden. Rapporten vänder sig till bostadssektorns byggherrar och till samhällsplanerare.QC 20120229</p

Cross-validatory extreme value threshold selection and uncertainty with application to ocean storm severity

Designs conditions for marine structures are typically informed by threshold-based extreme value analyses of oceanographic variables, in which excesses of a high threshold are modelled by a generalized Pareto (GP) distribution. Too low a threshold leads to bias from model mis-specification; raising the threshold increases the variance of estimators: a bias-variance trade-off. Many existing threshold selection methods do not address this trade-off directly, but rather aim to select the lowest threshold above which the GP model is judged to hold approximately. In this paper Bayesian cross-validation is used to address the trade-off by comparing thresholds based on predictive ability at extreme levels. Extremal inferences can be sensitive to the choice of a single threshold. We use Bayesian model-averaging to combine inferences from many thresholds, thereby reducing sensitivity to the choice of a single threshold. The methodology is applied to significant wave height datasets from the northern North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures. Confidence intervals in Figure 2 corrected. The final publication is available at Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssc.1215

Theory of flux anisotropies in a guiding center plasma

The one particle distribution function f on the scale of the bounce motion of particles in a magnetic field B is considered. The Vlasov equation is expanded through O(epsilon) in the adiabatic parameter which is the ratio of particle gyroradius to scale length of the magnetic field. Because f is directly proportional to particle flux differential in kinetic energy and solid angle, f is in principle measurable in space experiments, and the analysis is tailored to be explicitly applicable to space problems. To O(1), f is gyrotropic; its first velocity moment is (if non-vanishing) parallel to B, and hence macroscopic parallel flow is included in this term. The O(epsilon) contribution is non-gyrotropic and macroscopic flow parallel to B plus additional parallel flow results from these terms. The degree of non-gyrotropy and the amount of cross-field macroscopic flow depend on the perpendicular component of the electric field, on curvature and shear in the magnetic field, and on the spatial gradient, pitch angle derivative, and speed derivative of the lowest order distribution function

How does reflection help to support workplace learning?

Description to be added.Cannot be left empt