Comparative analysis of monetary and fiscal Policy: a case study of Pakistan

This study investigates the comparative effect of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1981 to 2009. The cointegration result suggests that both monetary and fiscal policy have significant and positive effect on economic growth. The coefficient of monetary policy is much greater than fiscal policy which implies that monetary policy has more concerned with economic growth than fiscal policy in Pakistan. The implication of the study is that the policy makers should focus more on monetary policy than fiscal to enhance economic growth. The role of fiscal policy can be more effective for enhancing economic growth by eliminating corruption, leakages of resources and inappropriate use of resources. However, the combination and harmonization of both monetary and fiscal policy are highly recommended.Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Economic Growth.

Population dynamics of killifish Aphanius dispar (Ruppel) in Sandspit area off Karachi

Growth and mortality parameters of Aphanius dispar a cyprinoides generally observed in the catches of near shore area were estimated from the length frequency data collected from Sandspit area of Karachi, using LFSA. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as Loo=71.73 mm & K=L35/yr for Male Aphanius dispar and Loo=70.66 & K=l.41 for female. Total Mortality coefficient (Z) was estimated using Length converted catch curve which is equal to 2.12/yr, for male and for female 2.19/yr. Natural mortality (M) was estimated by Pauly's empirical formula: M=l.64/yr (male) and 1.70/yr (female). The species also displayed two cohorts a year

Nano-formulation of Ethambutol with multifunctional Graphene Oxide and magnetic nanoparticles retains Its anti-tubercular activity with prospects of improving chemotherapeutic efficacy

Tuberculosis (TB) is a dreadful bacterial disease, infecting millions of human and cattle every year worldwide. More than 50 years after its discovery, ethambutol continues to be an effective part of the World Health Organization’s recommended frontline chemotherapy against TB. However, the lengthy treatment regimens consisting of a cocktail of antibiotics affect patient compliance. There is an urgent need to improve the current therapy so as to reduce treatment duration and dosing frequency. In this study, we have designed a novel anti-TB multifunctional formulation by fabricating graphene oxide with iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles serving as a nano-carrier on to which ethambutol was successfully loaded. The designed nanoformulation was characterised using various analytical techniques. The release of ethambutol from anti-TB multifunctional nanoparticles formulation was found to be sustained over a significantly longer period of time in phosphate buffer saline solution at two physiological pH (7.4 and 4.8). Furthermore, the nano-formulation showed potent anti-tubercular activity while remaining non-toxic to the eukaryotic cells tested. The results of this in vitro evaluation of the newly designed nano-formulation endorse its further development in vivo

Comparison of Oral Azithromycin and Intra Venous Ceftriaxone for Treatment of Uncomplicated Enteric Fever in Children

Background : To compare the clinical efficacy of intravenous (I/V) Ceftriaxone with oral Azithromycin in 2-12 year old children diagnosed with enteric fever. Methods: In this comparative study children with the history of fever for >4 days and at least two out of these findings, i.e., toxic physical appearance, abdominal pain, coated tongue, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly were divided into two equal groups. Patients in Group A were given Azithromycin 20 mg / kg/ day as a single oral dose whereas patients in Group B were given Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day as a single I/V injection for 07 days. Before initiation of therapy samples for Typhidot and Widal test were collected and only those testing positive were included. Results: There were 42 (93.3%) and 40 (88.9%) patients in both the groups respectively who were clinically cured. No significant difference was found between these two groups (p-value 0.459). Conclusion: There was no difference in the clinical efficacy between Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin for the treatment of typhoid fever in children

Impact of Job Involvement, Commitment, Job Satisfaction on Turnover: An Empirical Investigation on Banking Sector

This paper examines the relationship between human attitudinal and behavioral  factors of employees involvement and satisfaction in relation with a job  and there  commitment  associated with the organization, along with there effect on labor turnover in banking sector of Pakistan by understanding of which an organization can create a idyllic and conducive working environment. Relationship between the variables under study is explored using structural equation modeling as a statistical tool. Positive association were revealed among  involvement related to job, commitment to an organization with  satisfaction related to a job during the study on the other hand  insignificant connection among commitment in relation with the organization,  satisfaction in relation with the job itself and intentions toward turnover were partially maintained by the findings. Model used in the present investigation is tested empirically and fit indices confirm it. Keywords: Organizational commitment, Job Involvement, Job satisfaction, Labor turnover intention, Structural Equation Modeling

Identification Of The Social Development In Early Childhood In Pakistan

This study was conducted to identify the social development in early childhood years. It was delimited to eight private schools of Lahore City from the area of Faisal Town and Shadman. Forty students (male and female) were randomly selected as the sample. Five students from Nursery, Prep and grade one were selected from each school.  A checklist was developed by reviewing the related literature which covered attributes of social developments under the sections of individual, social skills, peer relationships and communication skills. It was revealed that individual, social skills, peer relationships and communication skills were developed in the children but a positive mood was lacking in them at this stage

Scale Separation of the Mechanism of Wind Response to Sea SurfaceTemperature in the Northern Equatorial Pacific

M.S

A Study of the Attitudes of Student Teachers toward Use of Computer

The importance of information and communication Technology (ICT) in education, and particularly in teacher education, is being widely acknowledged. An important prerequisite of ICT is knowledge and attitude towards the use of computers. This descriptive study was aimed at finding out the attitude of student teachers toward the use of computer. Forty item questionnaire was constructed covering five dimensions i.e (fear of using computer, problem solving by computer, computer knowledge, using computer and learning computer). Two hundred student teachers from Federal College of Education were considered the sample of the study. Data were collected and analyzed by applying independent sample t-test and ANOVA. The study reveals that male and female students have the same attitude on all dimensions of the scale, those students who have computer at home are significantly better than their counterparts on fear of using computer and computer knowledge, there is a significant difference among students on computer knowledge regarding mothers\u27 qualification and there is no significant difference on any dimension of the scale regarding fathers\u27 qualification. The study recommends that the student teachers should be exposed more and more to computers so as to overcome the fear of using computers and get optimum benefit by using computer