Distributed snow and rock temperature modelling in steep rock walls using Alpine3D

In this study we modelled the influence of the spatially and temporally heterogeneous snow cover on the surface energy balance and thus on rock temperatures in two rugged, steep rock walls on the Gemsstock ridge in the central Swiss Alps. The heterogeneous snow depth distribution in the rock walls was introduced to the distributed, process-based energy balance model Alpine3D with a precipitation scaling method based on snow depth data measured by terrestrial laser scanning. The influence of the snow cover on rock temperatures was investigated by comparing a snow-covered model scenario (precipitation input provided by precipitation scaling) with a snow-free (zero precipitation input) one. Model uncertainties are discussed and evaluated at both the point and spatial scales against 22 near-surface rock temperature measurements and high-resolution snow depth data from winter terrestrial laser scans.In the rough rock walls, the heterogeneously distributed snow cover was moderately well reproduced by Alpine3D with mean absolute errors ranging between 0.31 and 0.81 m. However, snow cover duration was reproduced well and, consequently, near-surface rock temperatures were modelled convincingly. Uncertainties in rock temperature modelling were found to be around 1.6 °C. Errors in snow cover modelling and hence in rock temperature simulations are explained by inadequate snow settlement due to linear precipitation scaling, missing lateral heat fluxes in the rock, and by errors caused by interpolation of shortwave radiation, wind and air temperature into the rock walls.Mean annual near-surface rock temperature increases were both measured and modelled in the steep rock walls as a consequence of a thick, long-lasting snow cover. Rock temperatures were 1.3–2.5 °C higher in the shaded and sunny rock walls, while comparing snow-covered to snow- free simulations. This helps to assess the potential error made in ground temperature modelling when neglecting snow in steep bedrock

A Comparison of Statistical and Neural MT in a Multi-Product and Multilingual Software Company - User Study

Over the last 4 years, Infor has been implementing machine translation (MT) in its translation process. In this paper, the results of both statistical and neural MT projects are provide to give an insight in the advantages and disadvantages of MT use in a large company. We also offer a look into the future of MT within our company and to strengthen the implementation of MT in our translation process

Control logístico y su impacto en la rentabilidad de la empresa Arquiproyect S.R.L. Chachapoyas

La investigación titulada “Control Logístico y su Impacto en la Rentabilidad de la Empresa Arquiproyect S.R.L. Chachapoyas” tuvo como objetivo determinar cuan significativa es la relación que tiene tanto el control logístico y la rentabilidad de la empresa ARQUIPROYECT S.R.L. Siendo un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental- transversal, con alcance descriptivo-propositivo, siendo la poblacion y muestra los colaboradores que dirigen la empresa, ayudandose de los instrumentos de recolección de datos como el cuestionario, la guía de entrevista, y la ficha documental. Los resultados emitidos a traves del analisis, da como resultado un nivel de correlación empleando el coeficiente de Rho de Spearman de las variables del control logístico en la rentabilidad de la empresa, se tiene que el nivel de correlación es positiva alta, además que la empresa mantuvo una rentabilidad económica en el período 2017 a 2018, de 4% y 1% respectivamente y una rentabilidad financiera de 2% y 1%. Concluye que las áreas de compras, almacén, transporte, mantienen un impacto favorable en la rentabilidad de la empresa y por lo que, si llegarán aplicar las estrategias establecidas, lograría obtener mayores beneficios

UPAYA PEMERINTAH BANGLADESH DALAM MENANGANI PERDAGANGAN MANUSIA PENGUNGSI ROHINGYA DI BANGLADESH

Kedatangan pengungsi rohingya ke Bangladesh karena konflik myanmar yang dilakukan militer Myanmar terhadap etnis rohingya yang sangat tidak manusiawi. Pengungsi Rohingya mencari perlindungan ke Bangladesh tetapi, dengan kedatangannya yang terus menerus sehingga membuat kamp pengungsian yang ada di Bangladesh menjadi tempat terbesar pengungsi Rohingya, maka hal ini dapat mempengaruhi keamanan manusia warga Bangladesh maupun pengungsi Rohingya dengan meningkatnya perdagangan manusia di bangladesh. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teori human trafficking dan global governance untuk melihat bagaimana upaya pemerintah Bangladesh dalam menangani human trafficking, bagaimana kondisi Rohingya di Bangladesh dan implementasi, capaian hingga kendala dalam kebijakan yang digunakan oleh pemerintah Bangladesh. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan data yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan seperti buku dan artikel jurnal yang terkait. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa upaya pemerintah Bangladesh untuk menangani human trafficking pengungsi Rohingya melalui kebijakan nya belum efektif meskipun telah banyak pencapaian dari kebijakan pemerintah Bangladesh, tetapi kendala dalam kebijakan nya pun sangat besar dengan tidak memberikan hak – hak pengungsi Rohingya atas masalah perdgangan manusia yang terjadi di Bangladesh. Kata Kunci: Human Trafficking, Pengungsi Rohingya, Banglades

Estimating the costs and analysing the precision of several diagnostic and treatment approaches for obstructive sleep apnea patients in the Netherlands, using timed automata modelling

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a (highly) prevalent medical condition, linked to severe negative health consequences. In the Netherlands, diagnosis of OSA presently has long waiting times and both diagnosis and treatment have high costs. This article introduces a so-called timed automata model (UPPAAL tool) for analysing diagnostic and treatment approaches for OSA. This model is used for assessing the Dutch current traditional approach, as well as multiple alternative approaches for OSA diagnosis and treatment. The analysis shows that one alternative approach can lower the costs and waiting lists, while maintaining diagnostic precision. In this manuscript the best alternative approach is a combination of Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) measurement obtained by nocturnal pulse oximetry and a questionnaire to diagnose the patient. Of course, it is important that, although timed automata modelling is a reliable tool, these outcomes are meant to start a discussion regarding the above-mentioned problems and are not proven outcomes yet. The healthcare system in the Netherlands is in danger of becoming unaffordable. Therefore, this initial exploration has been carried out to see whether alternatives to the current OSA-care can be devised

SNOWPACK: where do we stand today?

The Swiss snow-cover model SNOWPACK is presently used in many applications from snow sports and engineering to climate change assessment but also for avalanche warning. The core routines are packed in a library that also serves as the basic module for the land surface scheme Alpine3D. The separate application MeteoIO handles all input data in both applications. These components, including a visualization tool, are available as open source packages (models.slf.ch). Since 2002, the year three papers describing the model in detail appeared (for example, see Lehning et al., 2002), SNOWPACK evolved in many respects. Based on newly acquired data sets, we updated the parameterizations of the density of new snow (see Schmucki et al., submitted) or of the albedo. We also revisited some concepts of the model such as snow settlement: we now divide the stress applied to the snow into a purely static overburden and a stress rate dependent term that allows mimicking the relaxation behavior of new and older snow. In addition, we adapted the temperature dependence of viscosity to cover a large temperature range from about -70 °C up to the melting point (Groot et al., 2013). Finally, we maximized the accuracy of both mass and energy balance. This is necessary for implementing advanced water transport equations such as the recent solver for the Richards equation (Wever et al., 2013)

Version 1 of a sea ice module for the physics-based, detailed, multi-layer SNOWPACK model

Sea ice is an important component of the global climate system. The presence of a snowpack covering sea ice can strongly modify the thermodynamic behavior of the sea ice, due to the low thermal conductivity and high albedo of snow. The snowpack can be stratified and change properties (density, water content, grain size and shape) throughout the seasons. Melting snow provides freshwater which can form melt ponds or cause flushing of salt out of the underlying sea ice, while flooding of the snow layer by saline ocean water can strongly impact both the ice mass balance and the freezing point of the snow. To capture the complex dynamics from the snowpack, we introduce modifications to the physics-based, multi-layer SNOWPACK model to simulate the snow-sea-ice system. Adaptations to the model thermodynamics and a description of water and salt transport through the snow-sea-ice system by coupling the transport equation to the Richards equation were added. These modifications allow the snow microstructure descriptions developed in the SNOWPACK model to be applied to sea ice conditions as well. Here, we drive the model with data from snow and ice mass-balance buoys installed in the Weddell Sea in Antarctica. The model is able to simulate the temporal evolution of snow density, grain size and shape, and snow wetness. The model simulations show abundant depth hoar layers and melt layers, as well as superimposed ice formation due to flooding and percolation. Gravity drainage of dense brine is underestimated as convective processes are so far neglected. Furthermore, with increasing model complexity, detailed forcing data for the simulations are required, which are difficult to acquire due to limited observations in polar regions

ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks

This paper describes ESM-SnowMIP, an international coordinated modelling effort to evaluate current snow schemes, including snow schemes that are included in Earth system models, in a wide variety of settings against local and global observations. The project aims to identify crucial processes and characteristics that need to be improved in snow models in the context of local- and global-scale modelling. A further objective of ESM-SnowMIP is to better quantify snow-related feedbacks in the Earth system. Although it is not part of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), ESM-SnowMIP is tightly linked to the CMIP6-endorsed Land Surface, Snow and Soil Moisture Model Intercomparison (LS3MIP)

Improving stream flow discharge modelling during snow melt

The importance of the snow cover for the hydrological cycle is well known but the understanding is still limited. For example, the effect of rain-on-snow on melt water runoff and the coupling between spring snow melt and stream flow discharge are difficult to describe quantitatively due to the complex nature of natural snow covers. Snow height can very over short distances and processes influencing the snow cover development, such as solar radiation and wind, are spatially highly variable in complex alpine terrain. These effects influence the layering of the snow cover and because layers with different snow properties also have different hydraulic properties, the relation between snow melt and snow cover runoff gets rather complex. However, it has already been shown that describing melt water flow through a snow cover using Richards equation, that takes into account the snow stratigraphy, is improving snow cover runoff estimations locally. In this study, an advanced physical based snow cover model that solves Richards equation (SNOWPACK) is used in a distributed way in a spatially explicit model for alpine terrain (Alpine3D). The model setup simulates the snow cover development and stream discharge over a snow season for the Dischma catchment in Switzerland. A comparison between modelled and observed discharge of the catchment outlet shows that solving Richards equation for snow yields better agreement than simpler (bucket) methods for liquid water flow in snow. The simulations also show a strong variation in contribution of snow cover runoff between areas, depending on slope exposition. This can be associated with different shortwave radiation input for snow melt. The results show that important improvements in estimating the contribution of snow cover runoff to the hydrological cycle can be achieved by solving Richards equation for snow. However, future research should also focus on a better estimation of hydraulic properties for a wider range of snow types and the understanding of lateral and preferential flow in snow