Спорт и право

Спортско право е една од поновите гранки на правниот систем како кај нас така и во светот. Таа се заснива на предметна систематика и како таква, има разнолични обележја. Таа опфаќа темелни начела и конкретни нормативни решенија кои до неодамна и припаѓале на сферата на уставното, граѓанското, кривичното, управното и другите класични гранки на правото. Обединување на наведените сегменти во засебна систематска целина пред се е мотивирано од практичните проблеми. Спортот во современото општество стана високопрофитабилна деловна активност. Покрај тоа, се отвараат многу отворени прашања кои навлегуваат во доменот на уставно право, се појавува потреба за нови врсти на облигациони и деловни договри особено во спортот, со специфично регулирање на кривичната одговорност и сл. Покрај тоа спортските активности често се одвиваат надвор од државните граници, при што доаѓа до израз и нивната меѓународна димензија. Сето тоа влијаше да на национално, но во послено време и на меѓународно (наднационално) ниво, нагло се развиваат посебни правни акти од кои се оформи специфична правна пракса. Правна наука во овој момент заостанува од практичните потреби. Евидентно е дека недостасуваат сериозни анализи на многуте правни принципи, институти и конкретни нормативни решенија кои настанаа низ активностите на законодавните органи, судови и разни спортски организации. Тој проблем е од општ карактер. Тој е присатен во многу земји, вклучувајќи ги оние со најразвиениот правен систем. Оттаму, постои потреба да низ различни научни проекти и различни студии се поврзат малубројните специјалисти за спортско право од повеќе држави. Зедничата работа во овој сегмент би овозможила брз развој на научната, стручната и образовната дисциплина а во крајна линија и позитивно би влијаела на законодавство и правната пракса во оваа област, како нешто што доправа доаѓа во нашиот правен систем

Вештачењето и „еднаквоста на оружјата“

Abstract: The principle of equality of arms is an essential element of the fair trial concept within the meaning of Article 6 of the ECHR and minimum threshold for impartial and consistent proceeding. Each party must be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present its case under conditions that do not place him at a disadvantage vis-à-vis his opponent or opponents and every arguments or observations intended to advise or influence a court, should be communicated to both parties. The ECtHR have accepted a two-step approach for establishing a violation of equality of arms. Starting point is to establish actual lack of procedural or institutional balance and then to assess the consequences of the inequality toward the fairness of the whole proceedings. As stated in the ECtHR's case-law, it is easily understandable that doubts should arise, especially in the mind of an accused, as to the neutrality of an expert when it was his/ her report that in fact prompted the bringing of a prosecution. Such apprehensions may have a certain importance, but are not decisive. What is decisive is whether the doubts raised by appearances can be held objectively justified. There is a violation of equality of arms principle when appearances suggest that the opinion submitted by the expert was more akin to evidence against the applicant used by the prosecuting authorities rather than a "neutral" and "independent" expert opinion. The purpose of this article is to elaborate the real position of the experts and expert witnesses in the criminal proceedings in the context of equality of arms and furthermore to show the inconsistencies in the application of the provisions of these types of evidences in practice. Authors made a modest effort to show that, generally in practice, the application of these provisions is either misused or their application has not been approved by the competent authorities. It is indicated that expert witnesses are not reserved only for the prosecution, but alternative expert opinion should be equally used by the defense, as well. Keywords: equality of arms; balances of rights; fair trial; contradictory; expert opinion; alternative expert examination

School bullying - A comparative approach -

The modest purpose of this paper is to elaborate the phenomenon of school bullying and to try to give an answer to questions that remain open over time because of the seriousness of this issue. A child is being bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly over time to aggressive behavior that intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort through physical contact, verbal attacks, fighting or psychological manipulation. Besides finding the proper definition of bullying, we’ll give a comparative approach to the etiology and phenomenology of bullying and answer why do some children bully and others not. Hence, the existence of power imbalances in a school community makes bullying possible but not everyone uses their greater power to bully someone. Also, essential for this phenomenon is its international and national normative framework and manners to prevent bullying in schools. We’ll also elaborate school bullying in Macedonia through its policies, strategies, school protocols and programs for the protection of children from bullying and for reducing bullying in schools. Key words: school bullying, violence, power, crime, legislative, prevention

Стратегија за имплементација на алтернативните мерки

Цели на проектот: 1. Анимирање на стручната и општа јавност како предуслов за практична имплементација на алтернативните мерки. 2. Изнаоѓање на сектори и области за реализација на конкретно ангажираните лица. 3. Метододологија на остварување на алтернативните мерки. 4. Изработка на ЕЛАБОРАТ за имплементација на алтернативните мерки. 5. Зајакнување на цивилното општество како партиципиент во процесот на казнувањето,преку поединици,јавни или невладини организации

The new Macedonian concept of lay judges and their role in the criminal procedure

The participation of citizens in criminal procedure as a part of mixed trial councils is a concept existing in almost all European countries, although there are diverging opinions on the quality and real contribution that can be expected from lay judges. One has to agree with the findings that the participation of lay judges reflects the role of citizens’ involvement, as well as citizens’ access to justice as an important and essential component of a democratic society. The modest purpose of this paper is to present the dilemmas related to the criteria for selection of lay judges and their role in the criminal procedure as determined by the legislative provisions on one side, and lay judges’ perception of their position during the proceedings, on another side. It is also important to evaluate the domestic legislation in the light of the recommendations deriving from the European Charter for lay judges. Finally, the paper aims to present research conclusions and to give recommendations on the system of lay judges, having in mind the newly adopted amendments on the Law on courts. Equally, it aims to reconsider the participation of lay judges when the most complicated crimes are tried

CRIMINAL OBSERVATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE EUROPEAN MIGRANT CRISIS

2015 brought a migrant crisis in which, although migrants aspired to enter one of the countries of the European Union, it did not bypass the non-EU countries that are on European ground. Specifically, our country, having in mind its location, found itself as part of the most used route - the Western Balkans route, for transit to the desired destination. Problems, from a criminal legal point of view, intensified especially after the closure of the route in March 2016, which contributed to the intensification of attempts for illegal entry, even at the cost of involvement in committing crimes. The route still remained attractive, unlike alternatives that are not passable like it, and although closed, it was used illegally. Thus, the the crimes that are done from the migrants and especially towards the migrants, has made them victims of several serious violations of human rights and freedoms. Especially the acts of trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants, as particularly severe crimes that are problematic to detect, recognize and suppress. Permanent analysis of the matter, to date, is especially necessary to prevent similar practices in the future. Therefore, in the paper we will give a brief criminological overview of the criminal-legal consequences left by the crisis, ie the most serious crimes committed in the period - trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants

Growing crystals for x-ray free-electron laser structural studies of biomolecules and their complexes

Currently, X-ray crystallography, which typically uses synchrotron sources, remains the dominant method for structural determination of proteins and other biomolecules. However, small protein crystals do not provide sufficiently high-resolution diffraction patterns and suffer radiation damage; therefore, conventional X-ray crystallography needs larger protein crystals. The burgeoning method of serial crystallography using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) avoids these challenges: it affords excellent structural data from weakly diffracting objects, including tiny crystals. An XFEL is implemented by irradiating microjets of suspensions of microcrystals with very intense X-ray beams. However, while the method for creating microcrystalline microjets is well established, little attention is given to the growth of high-quality nano/microcrystals suitable for XFEL experiments. In this study, in order to assist the growth of such crystals, we calculate the mean crystal size and the time needed to grow crystals to the desired size in batch crystallization (the predominant method for preparing the required microcrystalline slurries); this time is reckoned theoretically both for microcrystals and for crystals larger than the upper limit of the Gibbs–Thomson effect. The impact of the omnipresent impurities on the growth of microcrystals is also considered quantitatively. Experiments, performed with the model protein lysozyme, support the theoretical predictions