Marketing Strategies During the Product Life Cycle in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Development and implementation of effective marketing strategies during various stages of product life cycle in the pharmaceutical industry are critical to an organization\u27s successful performance in the marketplace in the 21st century. Guided by the general systems theory developed by Bertalanffy and the evolutionary systems theory developed by Laszlo and Laszlo, the purpose of this single case study was to explore best practices among marketing managers within pharmaceutical companies related to marketing strategies during various stages of product life cycle. Data were gathered via semistructured interviews with 3 purposefully selected managers who have successfully developed marketing strategies in a central Ohio pharmaceutical company in business for more than 10 years. A review of secondary data included company documents, such as annual reports, news releases, and websites, in addition to government databases. Member checking was conducted to ensure accuracy of the interpreted data and trustworthiness of the research findings. Yin\u27s 5-step process and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Four themes emerged from data analysis: marketing function, product life cycle phases, factors influencing the decision-making process, and strategic activities in executing business strategies. Findings may have implications for positive social change such as assisting organizational leaders to understand the challenges and business practices in implementing marketing strategies to successfully deliver products that improve patients\u27 health

Retinopathy of Prematurity - a Bulgarian perspective of a global epidemic

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is in the focus of public health interest as far as it is one of the most common potentially avoidable causes of visual loss in childhood and can lead to vision impairment and blindness. Therefore, it has lifelong implications for the affected children, their families, but also for the whole society. In Bulgaria, the processes of continuous health care transformations have led to lower quality control over ROP- screening processes. The aim of the presented study is to make a horizon scanning research, which includes: 1) introduction of some ROP-related definitions; 2) a clinical and public health overview of ROP from an international and Bulgarian perspective; 3) presentation of the organizational structure of screening, the early diagnosis and therapy of ROP in Bulgaria. Themethodsused are: meta-analysis of global and national data on ROP; sociological method - questionnaire distributed amongst the ophthalmologists who diagnose and treat ROP and participatory research method e.g. follow up of the patients` path and the clinical and public health procedures. Globally, the three waves of the ROP-epidemic are described. Nationally, the Bulgarian ROP-related picture is drawn, summarizing and analyzing the results from the interviews with ophthalmologists engaged with ROP-screening from all 28 administrative regions of Bulgaria (Period: April-September, 2015). Finally, after an extensive drill-down of the Bulgarian context and the global developments, locally relevant health policy strategies are proposed like development of a National Consensus on ROP and Registry database of ROP in Bulgaria. Further, a three-level ROP-screening procedure is outlined and the telemedicine application grounded

Integrated BIM-based LCA for the entire building process using an existing structure for cost estimation in the Swiss context

The building sector has a significant potential to reduce the material resource demand needed for construction and therefore, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Digitalization can help to make use of this potential and improve sustainability throughout the entire building\u27s life cycle. One way to address this potential is through the integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into the building process by employing Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM can reduce the effort needed to carry out an LCA, and therefore, facilitate the integration into the building process. Areview of current industry practice and scientific literature shows that companies are lacking the incentive to apply LCA. If applied, there are two main approaches. Either the LCA is performed in a simplified way at the beginning of the building process using imprecise techniques, or it is done at the very end when all the needed information is available, but it is too late for decision-making. One reason for this is the lack of methods, workflows and tools to implement BIM-LCA integration over the whole building development. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop an integrated BIM-LCA method for the entire building process by relating it to an established workflow. To avoid an additional effort for practitioners, an existing structure for cost estimation in the Swiss context is used. The established method is implemented in a tool and used in a case study in Switzerland to test the approach. The results of this study show that LCA can be performed continuously in each building phase over the entire building process using existing Building Information Modeling (BIM) techniques for cost estimation. The main benefit of this approach is that it simplifies the application of LCA in the building process and therefore gives incentives for companies to apply it. Moreover, the re-work caused by the need for re-entering data and the usage of many different software tools that characterize most of the current LCA practices is minimized. Furthermore, decision-making, both at the element and building levels, is supported

Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper lead and copper zinc glasses

The similarity patterns in the physicochemical properties of copper-lead and copper-zinc borate glasses were identified by means of finding similarity within the objects of study using multivariate statistical analysis. As exploratory methods of multivariate analysis, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, and two-way clustering were applied for a set of copper-lead and copper-zinc borate glasses. Specific correlations among the physicochemical properties of copper glasses were interpreted. In particular, the effect of Pb and Zn doping metal ion in copper glasses in the structural and mechanical properties is identified. Interestingly, the degree of lead content determines two kinds of glasses with specific physicochemical properties

ON THE INCIDENCE OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF PRIMARY GLAUCOMA

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Complicity among female perpetrators of crimes with special reference to cases from the Republic of North Macedonia

Historical teachings and attempts to understand female's overall participation in criminality have shown us that at certain moments the idea that science had about women's participation is reduced to their inciting or helping in the commission of criminality. Namely, it is considered that the "chivalrous" behavior of the man contributed to less and less frequent detection of the criminal behavior of the woman. One of the characteristics that prevails in the majority of cases when a woman appears as a perpetrator of a crime, is that she does not do it alone. In a woman, the affect prevails and she is independent in the role of a criminal when it is done in affection, especially when committing murders or serious physical injuries to an intimate partner or a close person, but when she seriously engages in criminal, recidivist and professional activities, she is usually accompanied by other persons, so she appears as a co-perpetrator or as an accomplice in the crime. We think that this topic is interesting to consider since that the overall statistics might be very different in relation to the total participation of women in criminality if they are left alone at any moment, and also depending on who appears in the role of a co-perpetrator. Through an analysis of the theoretical understanding of the problem and statistics in our country, we want to check whether such understandings are correct and whether we could contribute to the understanding and prevention of female crime in North Macedonia and the neighbourhood

Applying discriminant and cluster analysis to separate allergenic from non-allergenic proteins

As a result of increased healthcare requirements and the introduction of genetically modified foods, the problem of allergies is becoming a growing health problem. The concept of allergies has prompted the use of new methods such as genomics and proteomics to uncover the nature of allergies. In the present study, a selection of 1400 food proteins was analysed by PLS-DA (Partial Least Square-based Discriminant Analysis) after suitable transformation of structural parameters into uniform vectors. Then, the resulting strings of different length were converted into vectors with equal length by Auto and Cross-Covariance (ACC) analysis. Hierarchical and non-hierarchical (K-means) Cluster Analysis (CA) was also performed in order to reach a certain level of separation within a small training set of plant proteins (16 allergenic and 16 non-allergenic) using a new three-dimensional descriptor based on surface protein properties in combination with amino acid hydrophobicity scales. The novelty of the approach in protein differentiation into allergenic and non-allergenic classes is described in the article. The general goal of the present study was to show the effectiveness of a traditional chemometric method for classification (PLS-DA) and the options of Cluster Analysis (CA) to separate by multivariate statistical methods allergenic from non-allergenic proteins

Ecocide: a future ‘new” crime in the mandate of the International Criminal Court: reality or fantasy?

Ecocide is a term used to describe serious or wide-spread or long-lasting destruction or damage of the natural environment or other forms of environmental degradation. The concept of ecocide has been very actual for several decades. However, there has been growing momentum in recent years to establish ecocide as an international crime under the mandate of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC is a court of last resort that prosecutes individuals for the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, including war crimes, war aggression, crimes against humanity, and genocide. In December 2021, a group of experts proposed a definition of ecocide to the ICC, which could serve as the basis for establishing ecocide as an international crime. The definition proposed is: "Unlawful or wanton acts committed with knowledge that there is a substantial likelihood of severe and either widespread or long- term damage to the environment being caused by those acts." If ecocide were to be established as an international crime, it would allow for individuals, or legal entities, and even states to be held accountable for their actions that cause significant harm to the environment. This would be a significant step forward in protecting the planet and ensuring that those responsible for environmental destruction are held accountable for their actions. The purpose of this paper will be to research the idea of ecocide as a new crime and to ode. Keywords: ecocide, crime, International criminal code, environmental la

Complicity among Female Perpetrators of Crimes, with Special Reference to Cases from the Republic of North Macedonia

Historical teachings and attempts to understand female's overall participation in criminality have shown us that at certain moments the idea that science had about women's participation is reduced to her inciting or helping in the commission of criminality. Namely, it is considered that the "chivalrous" behaviour of the man contributed to less and less frequent detection of the criminal behaviour of the woman. One of the characteristics that prevails in the majority of cases when a woman appears as a perpetrator of a crime, is that she does not do it alone. In women, the affect prevails and she is independent in the role of a criminal when it is done in affection, especially when committing murders or serious physical injuries to an intimate partner or a close person, but when she seriously engages in criminal, recidivist and professional activities, she is usually accompanied by other persons, so it occurs as a co-perpetrator or as an accomplice in the crime, We think that this topic is interesting to consider for reasons that the overall statistics might be very different in relation to the total participation of women in criminality if they are left alone at any moment, and also depending on who appears in the role of a co-perpetrator. Through an analysis of the theoretical understanding of the problem and statistics in our country, we want to check whether such understandings are correct and whether we could contribute to the understanding and prevention of female crime in North Macedonia and the neighborhood