Employee’s View on Job Satisfaction: A Study on Garments Industry in Bangladesh

Purpose: This paper focuses on the job satisfaction of the employees of the ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh. Introduction: Almost every country irrespective of its stage of development is engaged in garment manufacturing and trading. This industry migrates from high-wage to low-wage countries like a “flying goose”. Almost, without any exception, historically, the readymade industry was the first industry a country was able to introduce, which eventually led to the development of other industries. Literature review: Literature review shows that after the liberation industrial base here in Bangladesh had to face a sudden vacuum of the entrepreneurs (who were mainly from West Pakistan). However, towards 1980’s a new industrial venture namely garments manufacturing factories started to grow with some favorable policy support from the Government and preferential treatment of major apparel importing countries by guaranteed share of their market. Methods: The data collection method is primary survey on employees of garment industry and experts of the same industry supported by secondary research on previous research, industry report, government paper, and interview of resource persons. Percentage analysis, hypothesis tests are the primary tools used for the data analysis. Conclusions: The findings show that garment workers are unhappy with their working environment and about pay package.garments, Job, Satisfaction, Employees, Working, Environment

Credit risk management and performance evaluation of Southeast Bank Limited

This internship report is submitted in a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration, 2015.Credit risk is one of the most vital risks for any commercial bank. Credit risk arises from non performance by a borrower. It may arise from either an inability or an unwillingness to perform in the pre-commitment contracted manner. The real risk from credit is the deviation of portfolio performance from its expected value. The credit risk of a bank is also effect the book value of a bank. The more credit of a particular is in risk, the more probability of a bank to be insolvent. Therefore, the status of depositor in the bank is at risk and probability of incurring loss from their deposited value. In other way the risk of a commercial bank is calculated through long term and short term rating by the credit rating agencies. Southeast Bank Limited is a scheduled commercial bank in Bangladesh. This is one of the leading private commercial banks which is established under the banking companies Act 1991, the bank began its operation on 1995 with a primary objective of offering all types of commercial banking services mostly emphasizing on promoting small and medium entrepreneurs all over the country. This report is the fulfillment of the requirement for the evaluation process of the internship program. The main purpose of the report is to have an overall idea about function and process of credit risk management, analyzing tools and techniques used to evaluate credit proposal, analyzing steps taken to recover Bank’s bad portfolio of Southeast Bank Limited. Lending is one of the main functions of a bank. The objective of Credit Risk management of Southeast Bank Limited is to minimize the risk and maximize banks risk adjusted rate of return by assuming and maintaining credit exposure within the acceptable parameters. The Credit Risk Management department is responsible for upholding the integrity of the Bank’s risk/return profile. Credit Risk Management Department of Southeast Bank Limited conducted their functions by six wings. Central Collection Unit collects the credit. Special Asset Management wings help the bank to recover Banks bad portfolio. For credit approval, the Bank has a team who approve the credit. Different tools and techniques are being used to evaluate a credit proposal. Retail Credit, Cards Credit, Authorization and Fraud Control, Central Verification Unit (CVU) are related with retail underwriting. Credit Collection Unit of Southeast Bank Limited collects credit based on the level of delinquencies of credit. Special Asset Management wings help the Bank to recover bad portfolio by taking different types of steps. To understand the performance of the present credit risk management process, the year by year ratio of loans which are grouped on basis of classification rules in the total loan and advances has analyzed. From the performance analysis, it is found that the collection of Standard Loan decline in year 2009 because of the national and global economic situation which reflects a low ratio of Standard Loan to total loans and advances. As a result, the balance of SMA, Sub standard, Doubtful and Bad/Loss loan increases in year 2009. Since 2009, national as well as global economy started to fallen in a dangerous phase of slowing growth and rising risk. But with the right initiatives taken by the top management of Southeast Bank Limited i.e. establishment of regional Credit Risk Management Centers, introduction of new wing called Special Asset Management & Credit Inspection, since the following year 2010 the situation has become normal which reflects the economy Bangladesh where economy starts back to upward growth phase from the impact of global recession. Although Southeast Bank Limited is successfully operating credit risk management, the Bank should improve in some areas which will take help the Bank to become the leader of banking sector

Ultrasonic Assisted Optimal Oil Extraction of Prunus Arminica Seeds: an Approach towards the Production of Bioactive and Nutritional Oil

 Bioactive and nutritional enrich Prunus arminica oil was extracted first time with ultrasonic assisted procedure. Process was optimized by central composite model based on independent variables :solvent seed ratio, sonic power and three levels. Time, temperature and particle size were the dependent variables. Actual and predicted yields differences <1, multiple regression 0.941 showed the adequacy of the model. The sonic power 300W and 10/1mL g-1 solvent seed ratio were found significant variables according to P value. The results of the yield 54.0%, dominancy of oleic acid, scanning microscopic images of seeds, IC50 value 25.1µg µL-1 and the inhibition against gram positive and negative microorganisms revealed the ultrasonic extraction technique more  efficient compared to Soxhlet extraction with 51.73% yield and 27.4µg µL-1 IC50.  10mL g-1 solvent, 300W sonication, 50oC and 30min makes the extraction  cost effective and environment friendly and can step ahead to replace conventional methods for edible oils commercial production

Leadership Effectiveness, Turnover Intention and the Mediating Role of Employee Commitment: A Case of Academic Institutions of Pakistan

According to its scope of practice and research, Leadership is one of the most important areas these days. Many scholars have theorized different definitions and dimensions of this very construct leadership that gives a clear indication about its importance both in society and also in the context of people management in organizations in different countries. In today’s world where complexity driven by different factors has changed the face of organizations, different procedures have been devised to retain the employees in the organization. But apart from all the system level changes, there is one important factor that directly links with the employee turnover intention and that is leadership effectiveness. There has been much focus on leadership effectiveness and many researches have been done to study it. This study is trying to address the issue at hand that is about studying the effectiveness of leadership. For this purpose this study is investigating the relationship of leadership effectiveness and turnover intention along with a third variable participation that is employee commitment in the academic sector of Pakistan. This study is focusing on the relationship of leadership effectiveness and employee turnover intention specifically in the academic institutions and implying the facts that how these institutions are constructing this relationship according to the specific culture and norms posed by the Pakistani context. In this study the predictor is leadership effectiveness and outcome is turnover intention. Besides, this study is also focusing on the third variable involvement that is employee commitment. So this study is testing and reflecting upon whether such relationship exists in this context or not. This study uses the sample size of 345. The population is faculty members of different academic institutions. The software used is SPSS along with process plugin to run the regression (mediation) analysis. This study has presented some important findings related to the nature of the relationship of leadership effectiveness, employee commitment and turnover intention that will be an important knowledge addition in the literature and will be helpful for the management to make important decisions regarding the management and turnover of employees in the academic institutions of Pakistan

Leadership Effectiveness, Turnover Intention and the Mediating Role of Employee Commitment: A Case of Academic Institutions of Pakistan

According to its scope of practice and research, Leadership is one of the most important areas these days. Many scholars have theorized different definitions and dimensions of this very construct leadership that gives a clear indication about its importance both in society and also in the context of people management in organizations in different countries. In today’s world where complexity driven by different factors has changed the face of organizations, different procedures have been devised to retain the employees in the organization. But apart from all the system level changes, there is one important factor that directly links with the employee turnover intention and that is leadership effectiveness. There has been much focus on leadership effectiveness and many researches have been done to study it. This study is trying to address the issue at hand that is about studying the effectiveness of leadership. For this purpose this study is investigating the relationship of leadership effectiveness and turnover intention along with a third variable participation that is employee commitment in the academic sector of Pakistan. This study is focusing on the relationship of leadership effectiveness and employee turnover intention specifically in the academic institutions and implying the facts that how these institutions are constructing this relationship according to the specific culture and norms posed by the Pakistani context. In this study the predictor is leadership effectiveness and outcome is turnover intention. Besides, this study is also focusing on the third variable involvement that is employee commitment. So this study is testing and reflecting upon whether such relationship exists in this context or not. This study uses the sample size of 345. The population is faculty members of different academic institutions. The software used is SPSS along with process plugin to run the regression (mediation) analysis. This study has presented some important findings related to the nature of the relationship of leadership effectiveness, employee commitment and turnover intention that will be an important knowledge addition in the literature and will be helpful for the management to make important decisions regarding the management and turnover of employees in the academic institutions of Pakistan

The Impact of Harmonious Passion on Intention to Leave through Work Engagement in Banking Sector of Lahore, Pakistan

The primary purpose of this study is to explore the impact of Harmonious Passion on Intention to leave through work engagement in Banking Sector of Lahore, Pakistan. This research is significant for the employees of banking sector as it will help the top management to implement new strategies to enhance the overall passion of employees by engaging them in work so that they remain loyal to organization and don’t quit. This study is quantitative in nature as data were collected with the help of self-administered Questionnaires using simple random sampling technique through the employees working in banking sector. The accumulated data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and AMOS 22 by testing reliability, correlation analysis, regression analysis by running confirmatory factor analysis and implementing Structural Equation Modelling, mediation was tested through Barron and Kenny test to check whether it is partial or full. Results demonstrated that Harmonious Passion has a significant negative impact on intention to leave and this relationship got mediated when employees remain themselves engaged in work. When employees have the passion to work well on the job then they remain engaged in performing their duties and stay within the organization and work for its wellbeing. This study focused on the least studies area of Human resource Management in the circumstances in which it was carried out. All the concepts are interlinked in it to reduce the employee’s intention to leave the organization

Giant condyloma acuminatum of vulva

In this paper, A 23 year old married woman who was diagnosed as a case of giant condyloma acuminatum of vulva measuring about 15 x 8 x 3 cm, irregular surface with multiple projections, oval in shape, firm to hard in consistency, mildly tender, exophytic, cauliflower like growth involving the whole vulva (lower part of mons pubis, labia, vestibule, clitoris, around vaginal opening). Another multiple small lesions were present at perineal region but there was no inguinal lymphadenopathy. She underwent a combined electro cauterization and cryotherapy for small to moderate size multiple primary and recurrent warty lesions and wide surgical excision with fasciocutaneous advancement flaps procedure for a giant lesions in the vulva. Excisional biopsies were performed to detect potential malignancy but malignancy was not found histologically. The patient was advised to first follow-up 1 month after operation when multiple small warty lesions were developed and treated and the subsequent follow-ups for 3 months

Resilience and its associated factors in head and neck cancer patients in Pakistan: An analytical cross-sectional study

Introduction: The study aimed to assess resilience and its associated factors in head and neck cancer patients, post-treatment in a low middle income country (LMIC) such as Pakistan.Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 among head and neck cancer patients aged at least 18 years at the largest private tertiary care hospital, in Karachi, Pakistan. Information regarding their resilience scores was collected through Wagnild and Young\u27s Resilience scale that comprises of 14 items (RS-14). Moreover, depression and anxiety were also assessed via Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and social support was assessed by Enriched Social Support Instrument (ESSI).Results: The data was analyzed by linear regression modeling. Unadjusted and adjusted beta coefficients with 95% CI were reported. A total of 250 head and neck cancer patients were recruited, 79% of them were males. Mean age of the patients was 51.59 years with 93% having high social support and only 8% having severe depression and 3% having severe anxiety. After adjusting for the covariates in multivariable analysis resilience was associated with severe depression (- 17[- 20.98,-12.93]) or borderline depression (- 4[- 8.41,-0.39]), severe anxiety (- 11 [- 17.88,-4.18]), low social support (- 6[- 9.62,-1.71]), having family members of \u3e 6 in the household (- 2[- 4.31,-0.29), smokeless tobacco users post- treatment (10[5.79, 14.45]), and those who underwent tracheotomy (- 4[- 7.67,-0.21]). There was a significant interaction between education and role in the family (decision maker).Conclusion: In Pakistan, a South Asian LMIC, collectivist culture prevails, family ties are greatly promoted thus resilience and social support is highly prevalent in head and neck cancer patients resulting in lower prevalence of depression and anxiety. Our study highlights that higher resilience is prevalent among small families less than six members, as the welfare of the individual is prioritized over multiple needs of the family. Formal Education and role in household/decision making power are effect modifiers in our study, demonstrating its protective effect on the mental health of head and neck cancer patients. High resilience scores were reported among current smokeless tobacco users as compared to quitters post treatment. Resilience-building interventions should be formulated to aid head and neck cancer patients to cope with the disease and its sequel

Towards Gender Equity and Social Inclusion (GESI) responsive WASH Systems Strengthening

This Learning Note is meant to inspire thought, action, and investment in strengthening WASH systems, ensuring that the rights of marginalised and excluded individuals are integral to the systems strengthening design, rather than an afterthought. It is divided into two parts: 1. Why it is important to consider Gender and Social Inclusion initiatives in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems strengthening? 2. How to implement these initiatives - actionable steps across the different elements of the system. The Learning Note builds on the WASH systems strengthening approach outlined by A. Huston and P. Moriarty in their 2018 working paper ‘Understanding the WASH system and its building blocks: building strong WASH systems for the SDGs’

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation