Experimental evidence that evolutionary relatedness does not affect the ecological mechanisms of coexistence in freshwater green algae

The coexistence of competing species depends on the balance between their fitness differences, which determine their competitive inequalities, and their niche differences, which stabilise their competitive interactions. Darwin proposed that evolution causes species' niches to diverge, but the influence of evolution on relative fitness differences, and the importance of both niche and fitness differences in determining coexistence have not yet been studied together. We tested whether the phylogenetic distances between species of green freshwater algae determined their abilities to coexist in a microcosm experiment. We found that niche differences were more important in explaining coexistence than relative fitness differences, and that phylogenetic distance had no effect on either coexistence or on the sizes of niche and fitness differences. These results were corroborated by an analysis of the frequency of the co‐occurrence of 325 pairwise combinations of algal taxa in > 1100 lakes across North America. Phylogenetic distance may not explain the coexistence of freshwater green algae.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100307/1/ele12182.pd

Iran’s energy subsidy reform: lessons - and a predicament

After several previous failed attempts at reforming its subsidy system, which dated from its war with Iraq in the 1980s, Iran, in December 2010, implemented reforms that addressed one of its economy’s most enduring distortions. This was made possible because the government built a consensus among the public, industry and political figures, across differing political views, about the benefits of subsidy reform: reducing waste and consumption and the secondary benefit of redistributing the country’s energy revenues in a more equitable way

Readability of internet based patient information for Radiotherapy Patients

Information is key to patient informed choice and the internet is currently a major source of health information for adults in the UK. In order for the users to make use of the information it must be presented in a way that the user can understand. This depends on a number of factors one being that the document is written at the right level to be understood by the reader, readability. The aim of this study was to assess the readability of radiotherapy-related documents on the internet and compare their levels to published norms. An internet search was undertaken using Google, to identify UK-based literature. Once identified documents were downloaded into Word and cleaned of punctuation other than that at the end of the sentence, documents were then analysed by the software package Readability Studio. Documents tended to be written at too high a reading level, but the reading level had improved from a similar study conducted in 2006. The level of readability appears to show a relationship to the use of passive voice, which was very variable in the sample collected and reduction in the use of passive voice could help with the readability of the information

Social construction

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5448948*es

Polifonia de vozes não guiadas: uma leitura bakhtiniana de O caçador de pipas de Hosseini

The Russian philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin had given a variety of concepts to appreciate and analyze a novel. In this study, there is an attempt to apply the Bakhtinian intellectual tool of polyphony to unearth the deeper layers of Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner. We argue that the novel is polyphonic through and through since it reverberates with multiple voices of various characters, and the novel’s narrative structure also supports this multiplicity of viewpoints. The novel defies the traditional path of having the final word from the author or the narrator. In many situations, the narrator’s voice struggles and fumbles with confusion, but the voices of some of the characters come up clearly and remain firm on certain aspects. This paper will provide a systematic exposition and an analysis of the novel The Kite Runner from the Bakhtinian lens to appreciate the anti-authorial mode where pluralism (polyphony) is celebrated.Mikhail Bakhtin, filósofo Russo, nos forneceu uma variedade de conceitos para apreciar e analisar um romance. Este estudo é uma tentativa de explorar os níveis mais profundos do romance O caçador de pipas, de Khaled Hosseini, usando a ferramenta intelectual bakhtiniana da polifonia. Afirmamos que o romance é polifônico, pois está repleto de vozes de inúmeros personagens, e seu enquadramento narrativo acentua ainda mais essa diversidade de perspectivas. O romance desafia a sabedoria convencional que afirma que o autor ou narrador sempre tem a última palavra. Embora a voz do narrador vacile e tropece em muitas cenas confusas, as vozes de alguns personagens emergem e permanecem firmes em alguns casos. Este artigo oferecerá uma exposição e análise metódica do livro O caçador de pipas sob a perspectiva do Bakhtinismo, a fim de reconhecer o estilo antiautoral que celebra o pluralismo (polifonia)

PERAN GURU AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MENGATASI KESULITAN SISWA MEMBACA AL-QUR’AN PADA MATA PELAJARAN AL-QUR’AN HADITS DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS ISLAM NUSANTARA

This research aims to describe the role of Islamic religious teachers in overcoming the difficulties of students reading the Qur'an about the subjects of the Al-Qur'an Hadith at SMA Islam Nusantara. This research uses a qualitative research approach. Data collection techniques using observation techniques, interview techniques, and documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate how difficult it is for students to read the Koran and the role of Islamic religious teachers in overcoming the difficulties of students reading the Koran on the subject of Al-Qur'an Hadith

Anatomía mandibular de pacientes con luxaciones habituales de la misma

The objective of the present work is to determine what type of dislocations are more frequent on the temporomandibular joint, defining its clinical characteristics, as well as the technique used for the non-surgical treatment of this pathology. The methodology used to carry out this bibliographic review work was based on the search for scientific articles that analyze the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and the dislocations that occur on this joint. By using MeSH and DeSC terms and their combination with the appropriate Boolean operators, the final search string was constructed. From the search carried out, we found that the prevalence of temporomandibular joint dislocations was 0.7% (p = 0.0005), in addition it was found that temporomandibular dislocations are strongly related to alterations in their anatomical structures, highlighting the morphological alterations of the articular condyle (p = 2.116x10-8 *), the joint capsule (p = 1.032x10-8 *) and the glenoid fossa (p = 0.024 *), with a statistically significant relationship, anatomical alteration at the glenoid pit level are the most common when dislocations occur. The most frequently found dislocation is the anterior dislocation, due to the anatomical characteristics of the glenoid cavity, it prevents the dislocation from developing in the superior or posterior senses, clinically characterized by an inability to close the mouth, when the dislocation is acute this It presents with intense pain and limitation of the angle of movement and absence of articular clicking, in its chronic form the pain does not present in such an intense way, however, the limitation of movement remains. Finally,among the techniques used in the treatment, the Nelaton technique stands out, in cases in which the bilateral dislocation, or the Dupuis technique when it is unilateral.El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar qué tipo de luxaciones son más frecuentes sobre la articulación temporomandibular, definiendo sus características clínicas, así como la técnica empleada para el tratamiento no quirúrgico de esta patología. La metodología empleada para la realización de este trabajo de revisión bibliográfica se basó en la búsqueda de artículos científicos que analizan la anatomía de la articulación temporomandibular y las luxaciones que se producen sobre esta articulación. Mediante el empleo de términos MeSH y DeSC y de su combinación con los adecuados operadores booleanos se construyó la cadena de búsqueda final. De la búsqueda realizada encontramos que la prevalencia de las luxaciones de la articulación temporomandibular fue del 0.7% (p=0.0005), además se encontró que las luxaciones temporomandibulares se encuentran fuertemente relaciones con alteraciones en sus estructuras anatómicas, destacando las alteraciones morfológicas del cóndilo articular (p = 2,116x10-8*), la capsula articular (p = 1,032x10-8*) y la fosa glenoidea (p = 0,024*), con una relación significativamente estadística, siendo las alteraciones anatómicas a nivel de la fosa gleinoidea las más comunes a la hora de que ocurran las luxaciones. La luxación más frecuentemente encontrada es la luxación anterior, debido a las características anatómicas de la cavidad glenoidea, está impide que la luxación se desarrolle en los sentidos superior o posterior, caracterizándose clínicamente por una incapacidad para cerrar la boca, cuando la luxación es aguda esta se presenta con dolor intenso y limitación del ángulo de movimiento y ausencia de chasquido articular, en su forma crónica el dolor no se presenta de una forma tan intensa, sin embargo, la limitación al movimiento se mantiene. Por último, dentro de las técnicas empleadas en el tratamiento destacan la técnica de Nelaton, en los casos en los que la luxación bilateral, o la técnica de Dupuis cuando esta es unilateral.Universidad Europea de MadridGrado en OdontologíaPresencia

Diversity and temperature indirectly reduce CO2 concentrations in experimental freshwater communities.

Biodiversity loss and climate warming are occurring in concert, with potentially profound impacts on ecosystem functioning. We currently know very little about the combined effects of these changes on the links between the community structure, dynamics and the resulting in situ CO2 concentrations in freshwater ecosystems. Here we aimed to determine both individual and combined effects of temperature and non-resource diversity (species inedible for a given consumer) on CO2 concentration. Our analysis further aimed to establish both direct effects on CO2 concentrations and potential indirect effects that occur via changes to the phytoplankton and zooplankton biomasses. Our results showed that there were no interactive effects of changes in temperature and diversity on CO2 concentration in the water. Instead, independent increases in either temperature or non-resource diversity resulted in a substantial reduction in CO2 concentrations, particularly at the highest non-resource diversity. The effects of non-resource diversity and warming on CO2 were indirect, resulting largely from the positive impacts on total biomass of primary producers. Our study is the first to experimentally partition the impacts of temperature and diversity on the consumer-resource dynamics and associated changes to CO2 concentrations. It provides new mechanistic insights into the role of diverse plankton communities for ecosystem functioning and their importance in regulating CO2 dynamics under ongoing climate warming