The Role of Administrative Leadership in the improving Performance of Employees: Iraqi Universities as a Model

In the current age of competitiveness and progress, organizations largely focus on achieving objectives by following a beneficial system that is capable of running entities. Leadership behaviour is a modern concept, which is considered to impact the intellectual growth and performance of employees. In higher education institutions, it is important to increase employee performance in order to achieve sustainability in the education sector. The current study aims to investigate the effect of the leadership behaviour and style on the employee performance of the Iraqi universities. Following the transformational and transactional theories, the study proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the influence of transformational and transactional leadership of the administrators on academic employee performance the indicators of which are teaching, research and services to the university

Flow behaviour over rough riverbeds

Over the past several decades, many studies have investigated turbulent flows over natural, hydraulically rough-beds to identify behaviour similar to flows over smooth beds. Such studies have made a substantial contribution to our understanding of flows above impermeable and permeable rough-beds, but the effect of permeable beds on specific turbulent flow characteristics, such as bursting and sweep events, remains elusive. Therefore, this study investigates the flow over permeable natural gravel-bed and artificial beds in terms of the velocity profile, turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses, which are investigated in part utilising quadrant analysis. Various beds are explored in this study and are comprised of natural gravel with median diameters of 20 mm and 35 mm, as well as an artificial bed with particles nominally 28 mm in diameter. Measurements of instantaneous velocities in the three-component directions for six experiments were collected under uniform flow conditions in intermediate and high relative submergence scenarios using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter positioned above the beds within a narrow flume. Endoscopes were also used to track dye flow paths within the various beds themselves. The first- and second-order velocity statistics were investigated by applying a time-space averaging methodology to the Navier-Stokes equations. The experimental results were compared against the logarithmic equation and show that a logarithmic velocity profile is valid for rough-bed flows where von Karman’s constant is within the range of 0.38 to 0.41. Additionally, the Nikuradse equivalent sand roughness was found to range from 5 mm to 61 mm for the different beds. The results showed that κ increases with increasing porosity, and decreases with increasing Rek for flow above natural gravel-beds. Turbulence intensity in the vertical direction was found to notably differ in this study compared to the literature, likely due to the high porosity of the beds used here. Additionally, it was found that relative submergence affects the streamwise turbulence intensity more than in the vertical direction. The distribution of double averaged Reynolds shear stress, Reynolds normal stress, and turbulent kinetic energy were found to decrease linearly from the bed towards the water surface. While the influence of K+ on second-order statistics was found to be insignificant, relative submergence and porosity were found to have a significant effect. Quadrant analysis show ejection and sweep events dominate more than inward and outward interaction events. Interstitial flow results show that numerous turbulent upwelling and downwelling events were observed within all the experiments that were conducted

Development of a micro-simulation model for motorway roadworks with the use of narrow lanes and lane closure schemes

This study presents a newly developed micro-simulation model for motorway roadwork sections to evaluate the efficiency of different temporary traffic management schemes (TTMSs) such as the use of narrow lanes, offside and inside lane closures. The effect on traffic performance (i.e. capacity and delay) of various parameters (e.g. flow rates, percentage of heavy goods vehicles, roadwork zone lengths and speed limits) has been tested. The reason for building this model from scratch is the inability of an industry standard software package (i.e. S-Paramics), which has been made available for this research, in appropriately presenting traffic behaviour at motorway roadwork sections. The newly developed micro-simulation model was built using the FORTRAN programming language. It was developed based on car-following, lane changing, gap acceptance, lane closure and narrow lanes rules.Data from four sources (taken from different sets of data from UK motorways sites) were collected and analysed. The data was used in developing, calibrating and validating the model. Observations from motorway roadwork sites with narrow lanes scheme show certain prominent drivers’ behaviours, namely avoiding passing HGVs on adjacent lanes and lane repositioning before passing an HGV. The simulation results revealed that, under low traffic demand, the use of narrow lanes scheme seems to perform better in terms of capacity and delay than both offside and inside lane closure schemes, whereas under high traffic demand associated with high HGVs percentage (i.e. ≥ 25%), the use of offside lane closure scheme seems to perform better in terms of capacity and delay than narrow lanes scheme and inside lane closure scheme. The simulation results showed that the presence of HGVs has a large impact on reducing site capacity. The model also suggests that a stricter speed limit compliance should be imposed on motorway roadwork sections with the use of narrow lanes TTMS in order to maintain higher section capacity and reduced delays. Regression analysis was carried out based on the simulation results in order to provide equations for use in estimating section capacity and delay

APLIKASI MONITORING BERAT MASSA KIMIA BERBASIS ARDUINO MENGGUNAKAN MODEL EXTREME PROGRAMMING

Sebuah Perusahan XYZ sebagai salah satu perusahaan agribisnis sebagai produsen pakan ternak di Indonesia. Untuk menunjang produksi tersebut divisi atau bagian departemen regional laboratory akan melakukan proses produksi dan quality control, diaman tugasnya untuk melakukan percobaan berat pada suatu sample bahan kimia, yang nantinya bahan tersebut akan dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) yaitu barang jadi dan bahan baku. Kondisi saat ini sering melakukan kesalahan dalam mencatat hasil timbangan diantara bahan tersebut, sehingga harus melakukan proses pengulangan pekerjaan kembali, pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan aplikasi monitoring untuk mencatat berat massa dari bahan-bahan kimia yang akan diproduksi untuk proses bahan jadi. Mikrokontroller Arduino ini akan dilakukan koneksi ke mesin penimbang dengan kabel RS32, sehingga penyajian dan hasil laporan dari semua kegiatan penimbangan itu akan tepat dan tercatat untuk jangka yang panjang.  DOI : https://doi.org/10.33005/sibc.v12i1.156

Professional Challenges Facing Pharmacists Working at Public Hospitals in an Iraqi Province: A Qualitative Study

In Iraq, because of the dramatic turnovers facing the country for three decades, pharmacists continue to experience significant professional challenges in both the public and private sectors. The present study aimed to explore the professional challenges and obstacles facing Iraqi pharmacists working in public hospitals. This qualitative study included face-to-face semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions with hospital pharmacists. The participants were selected purposefully (with ≥ 3 years of experience) to work at governmental hospitals in Karbala province between December 2022 and April 2023. The audio-recording interviews were scripted. Thematic analyses were used to generate themes and subthemes from the interviews. Thirty-two pharmacists participated in this study. The study found that there are many challenges facing Iraqi pharmacists in hospitals. Some of which are related to the pharmacists themselves, such as suboptimal competency with an overwhelming number of pharmacists in each hospital, while the others are related to suboptimal organizational conditions, such as inadequate interdisciplinary collaboration, an unfriendly hospital environment as patients' confrontation, unequal task distributions, and inadequate technology and tools. According to the study findings, greater emphasis should be placed on improving multidisciplinary teamwork, pharmacist competency, the pharmacists' role in hospitals and securing the supply of essential medicines. Most participants recommend enhancing quality over quantity of pharmacists in addition to finding areas and horizons to benefit from these large numbers of pharmacists. Keywords: Iraqi pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, challenges, obstacles, Qualitative study.

Clinical and echocardiographic patterns of congenital heart diseases in adults in Karbala Province, Iraq

Objective To determine the patterns of congenital heart diseases in adults in Karbala province. Methods A total of 85 patients aged more than 16 years were examined at Al-Hussain Medical City and Al-Hindiya General Hospital from June 2006 to December 2014. History, physical examination, electrocardiograms and transthoracic echocardiograms were done for them. Results Seventy-eight of patients were less than 30 years old and two patients were more than 50 years old. Atrial septal defect was the most common primary diagnosis (28 patients) followed by pulmonary stenosis (22 patients) and ventricular septal defect (18 patients). Seven patients had patent ductus arteriosus and five patients had tetralogy of Fallot. Three patients had dextro-transposition of the great arteries and three had atrioventricular septal defect. There was one patient in each of the other categories (single ventricle, Ebstien anomaly, coarctation of aorta, subaortic ridge and bicuspid aortic valve). Conclusion Atrial septal defect was the most common primary diagnosis. The percentage of patients with coarctation of aorta and aortic valve diseases was much less than in other studies. The ages of study patients were less than the patients in Western countries especially patients with tetralogy of Fallot, dextro-transposition of the great arteries, atrioventricular septal defect and single ventricle and coarctation of aorta. Keywords congenital heart disease, echocardiographic, karbal