Programming language specification and implementation

The specification of a programming language is a special case of the specification of software in general. This paper discusses the relation between semantics and implementation, or specification and program, using two very different languages for illustration. First, we consider small fragments of a specification of preliminary Ada, and show that what was considered a specification in VDM in 1980 now looks much like an implementation in a functional language. Also, we discuss how a formal specification may be valuable even though seen from a purely formal point of view it is flawed. Second, we consider the simple language of spreadsheet formulas and give a complete specification. We show that nondeterminism in the specification may reflect run-time nondeterminism, but also underspecification, that is, implementation-time design choices. Although specification nondeterminism may appear at different binding-times there is no conventional way to distinguish these. We also consider a cost semantics and find that the specification may need to contain some “artificial” nondeterminism for underspecification

Pengaruh Media Video Tutorial Bermain Musik Tradisional Manggarai terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Budaya Anak

Literasi budaya merupakan kemampuan untuk memahami serta memaknai budaya. Literasi budaya membantu anak memahami warisan budaya mereka. Ini memperkuat rasa identitas dan kebanggaan terhadap budaya sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh media video tutorial bermain musik tradisional Manggarai terhadap kemampuan literasi budaya anak. Penelitian ini mengacu pada jenis penelitian kuantitatif eksperimen Desain One Group Pre-test-Post-test. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen, observasi serta dokumentasi. Subyek penelitian yaitu 20 orang anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK Bunga Mawar Santa Elisabeth. Analisis data melalui uji normalitas dan uji t paired sample t test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata skor literasi budaya pre-test sebesar 30,25, sedangkan skor literasi budaya post-test sebesar 50,2. nilai p-value < 0,001  nilai signifikansi 0,05, (0,001< 0,005)  ditolak dan terima , sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa video tutorial bermain musik tradisional Manggarai memiliki pengaruh terhadap kemampuan literasi budaya anak usia 5-6 tahun

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERMAIN MUSIK TRADISIONAL MANGGARAI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN LITERASI BUDAYA ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN

Literasi budaya merupakan kemampuan memahami budaya, bahasa, dan lingkungan sosial. literasi budaya diperlukan untuk memberikan pemahaman lebih berkaitan dengan budaya dimana seseorang tinggal. Perlunya literasi budaya diperkenalkan kepada anak untuk membentuk sikap menghargai budaya yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas model pembelajaran bermain musik tradisional Manggarai melalui kegiatan bermain musik tradisional Manggarai guna meningkatkan kemampuan literasi budaya anak usia 5-6 tahun. penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengembangam ( Research and development)dengan prosedur ADDIE. penelitian ini diawali uji kelompok kecil sebanyak 5 orang anak, uji kelompok besar sebanyak 10 orang anak dan uji efektivitas 20 orang anak. berdasarkan hasil uji efektivitas nilai t-hitung yang diperoleh 24,95> t tabel dan nilai signifikansi 0,001<0,005 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan bermain musik tradisional Manggarai menggunakan video tutorial bermain musik tradisional Manggarai efektif digunakan untuk meningkatkan literasi budaya anak usia 5-6 tahun. ************ Cultural literacy is the ability to understand culture, language and social environment. Cultural literacy is needed to provide more understanding of the culture in which one lives. The need for cultural literacy to be introduced to children to form a better attitude of cultural appreciation. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the learning model of playing traditional Manggarai music through music playing activities using video tutorials playing traditional Manggarai music to improve the cultural literacy skills of children aged 5-6 years. This research uses the development method (Research and Development) with the ADDIE procedure (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). This research began with a small group test of 5 children, a large group test of 10 children and an effectiveness test of 20 children. Based on the results of the effectiveness test, the t value obtained is 24.95> t table and the significance value is 0.001 <0.005, it can be concluded that the activity of playing traditional Manggarai music using video tutorials to play traditional Manggarai music is effective in increasing the cultural literacy of children aged 5-6 years

Clinical picture of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children at Ruteng hospital

Background: Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is the main cause of acute nephritis in children, globally reaches more than 470,000 cases per year, 97% of which occur in developing countries. Sublinical cases are 4 times more common than symptomatic, so reports on the incidence of acute PSGN are very limited. Methods: This study used a descriptive retrospective method from medical records at RSUD Ruteng from January to June 2023. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SSPS) 22 program. Results: Results of the study were obtained as 37 pediatric patients with acute PSGN. The patients age ranged 4-17 years with an average 9 years, 51.4% women and 48.6% men. Most cases occur after respiratory tract infections (75.7%). Symptoms of edema and hypertension (89.2% stage I and 10.8% stage II) was found in all patients and become the reason why patients come. Patients experienced macroscopic hematuria 16.2%. The laboratory test showed 100% microscopic hematuria, proteinuria in 72.1% and ASTO titer increased by more than 200 IU in all patients. Eleven patients with complications, acute renal failure (24.3%), hypertension encephalopathy (5.4%) and 1 patient with pulmonary edema. The average length of stay is 8 days (3-22 days). Conclusions: The incidence of acute PSGN at RSUD Ruteng within 6 months is quite high. Acute PSGN in children causes severe complicationsand longer treatment. The prevention is needed to care about the importance of clean and healthy living behavior

Methodological Approach to Automated Recognition of Atrial Fibrillation and Subsequent Classification

This study considers topical issues aimed at improving the methodology of early recognition of atrial fibrillation and monitoring its treatment against the background of other heart rhythm disorders. The task set in this study is an essential component of the search for solutions, whose purpose is to increase the efficiency of information systems for cardiac diagnostics and monitoring within the framework of complex research to improve the means of heart rhythm analysis and arrhythmia recognition. In the context of this study, a linear discriminant analysis approach based on the concept of K-entropy was proposed as a means of automating the procedure for the recognition of AF against the background of other rhythm disorders using a limited data sample. With regard to the classification of atrial fibrillation samples, the use of decisive rules and arrhythmia types, based on the analysis of scatterograms, is put forth as a solution. The results of the proposed methods for recognizing the presence of atrial fibrillation and its classification demonstrated superior performance when compared to existing methods. The proposed method exhibited a specificity of 98.5% and a sensitivity of 98%. The proposed method for determining the presence of atrial fibrillation demonstrates suboptimal accuracy when applied to a limited sample size. Further development of the method should be concentrated in this area