Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Assessment of the proliferative, apoptotic and cellular renovation indices of the human mammary epithelium during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle

Introduction During the menstrual cycle, the mammary gland goes through sequential waves of proliferation and apoptosis. in mammary epithelial cells, hormonal and non-hormonal factors regulate apoptosis. To determine the cyclical effects of gonadal steroids on breast homeostasis, we evaluated the apoptotic index ( AI) determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling ( TUNEL) staining in human mammary epithelial cells during the spontaneous menstrual cycle and correlated it with cellular proliferation as determined by the expression of Ki-67 during the same period.Methods Normal breast tissue samples were obtained from 42 randomly selected patients in the proliferative ( n = 21) and luteal ( n = 21) phases. Menstrual cycle phase characterization was based on the date of the last and subsequent menses, and on progesterone serum levels obtained at the time of biopsy.Results the proliferation index ( PI), defined as the number of Ki-67-positive nuclei per 1,000 epithelial cells, was significantly larger in the luteal phase (30.46) than in the follicular phase (13.45; P = 0.0033). the AI was defined as the number of TUNEL-positive cells per 1,000 epithelial cells. the average AI values in both phases of the menstrual cycle were not statistically significant ( P = 0.21). However, the cell renewal index ( CRI = PI/AI) was significantly higher in the luteal phase ( P = 0.033). A significant cyclical variation of PI, AI and CRI was observed. PI and AI peaks occurred on about the 24th day of the menstrual cycle, whereas the CRI reached higher values on the 28th day.Conclusions We conclude that proliferative activity is dependent mainly on hormonal fluctuations, whereas apoptotic activity is probably regulated by hormonal and non-hormonal factors.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Gyneol, Mastol Div, São Paulo, BrazilStanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosurg, Stanford, CA 94305 USAAPC Pathol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Gyneol, Mastol Div, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

How does study quality affect the results of a diagnostic meta-analysis?

Background: The use of systematic literature review to inform evidence based practice in diagnostics is rapidly expanding. Although the primary diagnostic literature is extensive, studies are often of low methodological quality or poorly reported. There has been no rigorously evaluated, evidence based tool to assess the methodological quality of diagnostic studies. The primary objective of this study was to determine the extent to which variations in the quality of primary studies impact the results of a diagnostic meta-analysis and whether this differs with diagnostic test type. A secondary objective was to contribute to the evaluation of QUADAS, an evidence-based tool for the assessment of quality in diagnostic accuracy studies. Methods: This study was conducted as part of large systematic review of tests used in the diagnosis and further investigation of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. All studies included in this review were assessed using QUADAS, an evidence-based tool for the assessment of quality in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies. The impact of individual components of QUADAS on a summary measure of diagnostic accuracy was investigated using regression analysis. The review divided the diagnosis and further investigation of UTI into the following three clinical stages: diagnosis of UTI, localisation of infection, and further investigation of the UTI. Each stage used different types of diagnostic test, which were considered to involve different quality concerns. Results: Many of the studies included in our review were poorly reported. The proportion of QUADAS items fulfilled was similar for studies in different sections of the review. However, as might be expected, the individual items fulfilled differed between the three clinical stages. Regression analysis found that different items showed a strong association with test performance for the different tests evaluated. These differences were observed both within and between the three clinical stages assessed by the review. The results of regression analyses were also affected by whether or not a weighting (by sample size) was applied. Our analysis was severely limited by the completeness of reporting and the differences between the index tests evaluated and the reference standards used to confirm diagnoses in the primary studies. Few tests were evaluated by sufficient studies to allow meaningful use of meta-analytic pooling and investigation of heterogeneity. This meant that further analysis to investigate heterogeneity could only be undertaken using a subset of studies, and that the findings are open to various interpretations. Conclusion: Further work is needed to investigate the influence of methodological quality on the results of diagnostic meta-analyses. Large data sets of well-reported primary studies are needed to address this question. Without significant improvements in the completeness of reporting of primary studies, progress in this area will be limited

Latin American immigrants in Indianapolis: Perceptions of prejudice and discrimination

The article focuses on immigrants’ interactions with the Indiana natives, with emphasis in the city of Indianapolis and its suburbs. More specifically, this study aims at providing an understanding of the experiences of Latin American immigrants with special attention to perceptions of prejudice and discrimination and to feelings of social exclusion. A substantial proportion of Latin American immigrants interviewed indicated that they considered Indiana natives to be prejudiced and that they had personally experienced discrimination. The study reveals specific examples of discrimination experienced by the immigrants at the work place, in housing, in stores, restaurants and by various service providers. The results of the study demonstrate the relevance of the normative and power resource theories to explain prejudice and discrimination

Regulation of proteasome assembly and activity in health and disease

The proteasome degrades most cellular proteins in a controlled and tightly regulated manner and thereby controls many processes, including cell cycle, transcription, signalling, trafficking and protein quality control. Proteasomal degradation is vital in all cells and organisms, and dysfunction or failure of proteasomal degradation is associated with diverse human diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Target selection is an important and well-established way to control protein degradation. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that cells adjust proteasome-mediated degradation to their needs by regulating proteasome abundance through the coordinated expression of proteasome subunits and assembly chaperones. Central to the regulation of proteasome assembly is TOR complex 1 (TORC1), which is the master regulator of cell growth and stress. This Review discusses how proteasome assembly and the regulation of proteasomal degradation are integrated with cellular physiology, including the interplay between the proteasome and autophagy pathways. Understanding these mechanisms has potential implications for disease therapy, as the misregulation of proteasome function contributes to human diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.</p

Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants

BACKGROUND: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age-standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are affecting the number of adults with diabetes. METHODS: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence—defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs—in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue. FINDINGS: We used data from 751 studies including 4 372 000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4·3% (95% credible interval 2·4–7·0) in 1980 to 9·0% (7·2–11·1) in 2014 in men, and from 5·0% (2·9–7·9) to 7·9% (6·4–9·7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28·5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39·7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31·8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target. INTERPRETATION: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults affected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust

Dinámica del contenido de humedad de pastos y su relación con la ecología del fuego en región chaqueña occidental (Argentina)

El fuego es un evento frecuente en la región chaqueña argentina. El contenido de agua (CH, %) es un factor que define la inflamabilidad de los combustibles vegetales y su dinámica temporal puede ser usada para comprender la ecología del fuego en una región, planificar su uso como prescripto; o como un indicador de riesgo para su prevención. En este trabajo se evaluó la dinámica de CH a través del tiempo en tres sitios ecológicos (≈ modelos de combustible) de la región chaqueña, en muestras con Elionorus muticus como especie dominante (sitio bajo, sabana), Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (sitio media loma, parques) y una especie exótica, Panicum máximum cv Gatton (sitio loma, bosque secundario rolado), respectivamente. El CH fue determinado en forma gravimétrica mensualmente en el bajo en 1992; y cada 10-15 días entre mayo 2008 y octubre 2009 en la media loma y la loma. Los datos fueron analizados en forma gráfica y mediante análisis de la varianza empleando estación climática, especie y tiempo cronológico como factores de clasificación. El CH promedio de las especies a través del tiempo presentó una amplitud estacional marcada, entre 4-5% en invierno-primavera y mayor al 150% en verano-otoño. Las especies nativas presentaron un CH significativamente menor que P. maximum y más bajo que el umbral de extinción teórico (CH=30%) indicando que en la región chaqueña, como en otros ecosistemas, las gramíneas y sus formaciones vegetales son el combustible por donde se propaga el fuego. La dinámica temporal de CH podría ser representada por una sinusoide. La correlación entre CH y la máxima humedad relativa entre fechas de muestreo fue significativa. Ambos resultados sugieren que es factible usar funciones matemáticas conocidas y métodos indirectos para predecir CH y la ‘inflamabilidad’ del combustible en las estaciones climáticas, facilitando la predicción del comportamiento de fuego.Fire is a common event in the Chaco region of Argentina. The fuel moisture content (CH, %) is a factor defining flammability. Its changes throughout time could be used as an index of fire risk, to understand fire ecology, and for planning the use of prescribed fire. We assessed CH dynamics in three ecological sites (≈fuel models): samples with Elionorus muticus as dominant species (lowland, savanna); Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (midland, parkand) and an exotic species Panicum máximum cv Gatton (upland, roller-chopped secondary forest). CH was monitored using the gravimetric method every month in the lowland during 1992; and every 10-15 days from May 2008 to October 2009 in the midland and upland sites. Data were analyzed graphically and with analysis of variance using season, chronological time and species as classification factors. The average CH of the species presented a marked seasonal trend, with a large amplitude, from 4-5% in the winter to above 150 % in summer and fall, respectively. The CH of the native species was significantly lower than P. maximum, and also lower than the extinction threshold (CH = 30 %) suggesting that in the Chaco region, as well as in other ecosystems, grasses are the fuel where fire starts and propagate to other plant communities. Correlation between CH and the maximum air relative humidity observed between sampling dates was significant. The latter fact and the sinusoidal pattern of CH suggest that may be feasible the use of known mathematical functions and indirect methods to predict CH, helping in predict fire behavior throughout the seasons.EEA Santiago del EsteroFil: Kunst, Carlos Roberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ledesma, Roxana Ramona. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Cátedra de Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Defossé, Guillermo E. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Godoy, Jose Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Navarrete, Victor Del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Jaime, Napoleon Ar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; Argentin

Dinámica del contenido de humedad de pastos y su relación con la ecología del fuego en región chaqueña occidental (Argentina)

El fuego es un evento frecuente en la región chaqueña argentina. El contenido de agua (CH, %) es un factor que define la inflamabilidad de los combustibles vegetales y su dinámica temporal puede ser usada para comprender la ecología del fuego en una región, planificar su uso como prescripto; o como un indicador de riesgo para su prevención. En este trabajo se evaluó la dinámica de CH a través del tiempo en tres sitios ecológicos (≈ modelos de combustible) de la región chaqueña, en muestras con Elionorus muticus como especie dominante (sitio bajo, sabana), Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (sitio media loma, parques) y una especie exótica, Panicum máximum cv Gatton (sitio loma, bosque secundario rolado), respectivamente. El CH fue determinado en forma gravimétrica mensualmente en el bajo en 1992; y cada 10-15 días entre mayo 2008 y octubre 2009 en la media loma y la loma. Los datos fueron analizados en forma gráfica y mediante análisis de la varianza empleando estación climática, especie y tiempo cronológico como factores de clasificación. El CH promedio de las especies a través del tiempo presentó una amplitud estacional marcada, entre 4-5% en invierno-primavera y mayor al 150% en verano-otoño. Las especies nativas presentaron un CH significativamente menor que P. maximum y más bajo que el umbral de extinción teórico (CH=30%) indicando que en la región chaqueña, como en otros ecosistemas, las gramíneas y sus formaciones vegetales son el combustible por donde se propaga el fuego. La dinámica temporal de CH podría ser representada por una sinusoide. La correlación entre CH y la máxima humedad relativa entre fechas de muestreo fue significativa. Ambos resultados sugieren que es factible usar funciones matemáticas conocidas y métodos indirectos para predecir CH y la ‘inflamabilidad’ del combustible en las estaciones climáticas, facilitando la predicción del comportamiento de fuego.Fire is a common event in the Chaco region of Argentina. The fuel moisture content (CH, %) is a factor defining flammability. Its changes throughout time could be used as an index of fire risk, to understand fire ecology, and for planning the use of prescribed fire. We assessed CH dynamics in three ecological sites (≈fuel models): samples with Elionorus muticus as dominant species (lowland, savanna); Trichloris pluriflora y Pappopphorum pappipherum (midland, parkand) and an exotic species Panicum máximum cv Gatton (upland, roller-chopped secondary forest). CH was monitored using the gravimetric method every month in the lowland during 1992; and every 10-15 days from May 2008 to October 2009 in the midland and upland sites. Data were analyzed graphically and with analysis of variance using season, chronological time and species as classification factors. The average CH of the species presented a marked seasonal trend, with a large amplitude, from 4-5% in the winter to above 150 % in summer and fall, respectively. The CH of the native species was significantly lower than P. maximum, and also lower than the extinction threshold (CH = 30 %) suggesting that in the Chaco region, as well as in other ecosystems, grasses are the fuel where fire starts and propagate to other plant communities. Correlation between CH and the maximum air relative humidity observed between sampling dates was significant. The latter fact and the sinusoidal pattern of CH suggest that may be feasible the use of known mathematical functions and indirect methods to predict CH, helping in predict fire behavior throughout the seasons.EEA Santiago del EsteroFil: Kunst, Carlos Roberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ledesma, Roxana Ramona. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Cátedra de Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Defossé, Guillermo E. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Godoy, Jose Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Navarrete, Victor Del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Jaime, Napoleon Ar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; Argentin

Identification and Filtering of Uncharacteristic Noise in the CMS Hadron Calorimeter

VertaisarvioitupeerReviewe

Economic impact of infections and antibiotics

In this chapter, we review several aspects with respect to the burden of infectious diseases, its impact in morbidity and mortality, and its economic burden. Furthermore, we referenced the actual situation with relation to the use of antimicrobial, the resistance problem and misuse of antibiotic, and the economic impact in the health systems