Kajian terhadap minat kerjaya di kalangan pelajar di Sekolah Menengah Teknik Pengkalan Chepa

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk melihat minat kerjaya di kalangan pe!ajar. Seramai 95 orang pelajar telah dipilih secara rawak mudah dan sebuah Sekolah Menengah Teknik Pengkalan Chepa di daerah Kota Bharu. Mereka terdiri daripada pelajar-pelajar tingkatan empat yang terdiri dari pelbagai jantina, bangsa, persekitaran tempat tinggai dan latar beiakang ibu bapa. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan iaiah Career TH/'ere-sV 7/?ven/orp (CII) dan &yD;rec^eJ&arc/! (SDS) yang telah diterjemahkan ke daiam Bahasa Melayu. Data-data yang diperoiehi diproses secara statistik deskriptif dan inferensi yang bertujuan untuk mengukur dan menguji hipotesis-hipotesis yang dibina dengan menggunakan min, anahsis varian sehata (ANOVA) pada aras signifikan 0.05 dan anahsis korelasi Pearson pada aras signifikan 0.01. Hasil kajian menunjukkan pelajar-pelajar cenderung daiam orientasi Intelek dan Daya Usaha. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan peiajar-peiajarmeminati bidangjurutera, ah!i perniagaan, melanjutkan pelajaran dan kesenian. Hasil kajian juga menunjukkan tidak ada perbezaan yang signifikan minat kerjaya pelajar-pelajar daiam bidang-bidang CII dan SDS dari segi jantina, bangsa dan persekitaran tempat tinggai. Dari segi hubungan, hasil kajian menunjukkan wujud hubungan yang signifikan daiam pemilihan kerjaya dengan tahap pendidikan ibu bapa

Trends in Female Employment at the Federal Government Level: A Critical Appraisal of 1983–1989

This paper focuses on two aspects. First, it looks at the trends in female employment at the federal level over a period of six years, from 1983 to 1989, based on data from the Federal Government’s Civil Servants Census Reports, using three years, 1983, 1986, 1989. The second aspect of the paper is to highlight the fact that not all the information that is collected is published gender-wise. This is very important from the point of view of working women as it can also have strong policy implications with regard to the advancement of women for which the Government has set up a separate ministry. The ignorance of the Ministry of Women’s Development about this aspect, that is, of available unpublished information, is surprising. The paper is structured as follows. After a brief discussion of data and methodology, the results are presented in Section 2. Section 3 discusses the data which are collected but not published at the disaggregate level which has adverse implications for women employees at the policy level. The conclusions and policy recommendations are presented in the final and fourth section of this paper. The data used in this paper are taken from the Government of Pakistan (1983, 1986, 1989). The statistics reported in these reports are classified by service groups into Secretariat, Attached Departments, Subordinate Offices, Other Offices, and in the Autonomous/Semi-Autonomous bodies by Basic Pay Scale (BPS) and gender. The Censuses show that for these years no female employee of the regular civil service is reported in BPS-22 for all the categories, and also none is reported in BPS 21 in 1989.

The Influence of Market Barriers and Farm Income Risk on Non-Farm Income Diversification

Empirical evidence shows that non-farm income diversification is associated with higher welfare among farm households. However, most studies have ignored market barriers and farm income risk in explaining income diversification behaviour. This study develops an analytical framework that includes both market barriers and farm income risk, in addition to other factors, in explaining income diversification behaviour. The analytical framework is used to test the hypotheses that: market barriers reduce the intensity of non-farm income diversification; and farm income risk increases the intensity of non-farm income diversification. The results confirm the hypotheses, suggesting that market barriers and farm income risk are key factors in explaining income diversification behaviour of farm households. Future studies should, therefore, consider the two factors in the analysis of income diversification behaviour.market barriers, farm income risk, income diversification, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Security and Poverty,

Depression and Self-Harm Risk Assessment in Online Forums

Users suffering from mental health conditions often turn to online resources for support, including specialized online support communities or general communities such as Twitter and Reddit. In this work, we present a neural framework for supporting and studying users in both types of communities. We propose methods for identifying posts in support communities that may indicate a risk of self-harm, and demonstrate that our approach outperforms strong previously proposed methods for identifying such posts. Self-harm is closely related to depression, which makes identifying depressed users on general forums a crucial related task. We introduce a large-scale general forum dataset ("RSDD") consisting of users with self-reported depression diagnoses matched with control users. We show how our method can be applied to effectively identify depressed users from their use of language alone. We demonstrate that our method outperforms strong baselines on this general forum dataset.Comment: Expanded version of EMNLP17 paper. Added sections 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, FastText baseline, and CNN-

Housing: Opportunity, Security, and Empowerment for the Poor

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Pakistan1 lays considerable emphasis on housing finance as a major intervention for poverty reduction. The national Housing Policy of 2001 has as its corner stone housing for the poor and needy. The Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy of Pakistan (IPRSP) completed in November 2001 explicitly recognised the importance of Housing for the poor. It stated that “housing is a fundamental human need as it provides physical, economic, and social security to the poor. However, depressed economic growth, rising population, and rapid urbanisation have resulted in an increased demand for housing infrastructure. It stated that the present backlog of housing units is more than 4 million in the country with the result that millions are forced to live in Katchi Abadis or under-serviced slum settlements. Estimates for urban population living in Katchi Abadis range from 35-50 percent”. This paper highlight the importance of housing as an important dimension of poverty by examining the available literature that show the crucial contribution of adequate housing for ensuring opportunity, security and empowerment—the three pillars for poverty reduction. There is global consensus now that these three elements form the essential pillars of any poverty reduction strategy. This paper shows how inadequate housing creates a sense of insecurity and disempowerment among the poor. Housing poverty in Pakistan is described and an index of poverty based on housing inadequacy is adapted and applied to data for Pakistan from the PIHS 1998- 99. It shows that the incidence of poverty based on housing inadequacy in Pakistan is much greater than that indicated by standard money-metric income/consumption based measures.

Rural Poverty and Credit Use: Evidence from Pakistan

The 1990s have seen poverty reduction become the overarching objective of all economic development. In countries where poverty is largely a rural phenomenon it is obvious that considerations of poverty focus on improving rural welfare. The welfare impact of credit use in the process of agricultural development is generally not explicitly documented in the literature.1 The emphasis is generally on “the requisites for development of rural financial policies that facilitate rural growth” [Desai and Mellor (1993)]. Welfare gains arise from this growth through net gains in income from the relaxation of the capital constraint leading to higher input use and resultant higher output, in addition to increasing the risk bearing capacity of households thus leading to the adoption of new technology and diversification of crop mix and income sources. Additionally welfare gains can also arise from credit use directly through improved and more efficient consumption smoothing. Pakistan is predominantly rural and poor. Attempts over several decades, by successive governments, at developing the institutional credit market in Pakistan have failed miserably. The rural credit market continues to be fragmented and beset by distortions. Credit policy aimed at improving access of the small landowners and the poor ended up being diverted to the powerful large landowners. This misuse is widely documented in Malik (1989, 1990 and 1999). Badly designed policies coupled with a weak institutional structure and rampant corruption called into question the very basis for using credit markets as a means for poverty alleviation. This paper, therefore, attempts to evaluate the underlying relationship between rural poverty and credit use.