Les prises en charge des pathologies vénériennes par le pouvoir colonial au Sénégal, 1850-1960. Eclairages et enseignements pour le sida.

International audienceLes prises en charge des pathologies vénériennes par le pouvoir colonial au Sénégal, 1850-1960. Eclairages et enseignements pour le sida. Abstract Cette étude analyse l'ancienneté de la prise en charge des MST au Sénégal, la distribution géographique des pathologies vénériennes et les mécanismes de leur prise en charge (infrastructures, institutions, innovations thérapeutiques, lutte contre la prostitution, reconfiguration des professions). Au total, le présent travail permet de mieux analyser la représentation du péril vénérien, d'appréhender les mutations intervenues dans la prise en charge des MST, d'évaluer les politiques de prise en charge des MST dans le Sénégal colonial et, ce faisant, mettre en parallèle le sida et les maladies du passé, notamment la syphili

A remote sensing based approach for optimizing sampling strategies in tree monitoring and agroforestry systems mapping

Characterizing agroforestry systems (AFS) at landscape scale is of a great importance for development planning at regional scale in Africa. Therefore, the major constraint to effective AFS mapping with remote sensing is the high diversity within landscapes. To have a robust and representative sample of training data, this study proposes an optimized sampling strategy guided by the AFS functioning and allowing to take into account the landscape diversity. A simple and reproducible approach based on unsupervised classification of remote sensing data and an a priori knowledge on the environment functioning is developed. The study is conducted on AFS of the Senegalese Peanut Basin. Assuming that AFS landscapes with similar trees and crop cover composition will have similar phenological development, a multiresolution segmentation was performed on Sentinel-2 NDVI time series to obtain homogeneous landscape units. Then for each unit, landscape diversity proxies were derived from various geospatial data sources, namely vegetation productivity and its temporal dynamic, actual evapotranspiration, woody cover rates and soil type. Using a hierarchical clustering, four classes of typical unit of the landscape heterogeneity gradient were obtained. On this basis an optimized sampling plan was produced and used to carry out an inventory campaign of tree biodiversity (figure). The results showed a well-defined landscape diversity gradient, confirmed by the field inventory of tree species

Nonparametric estimation of the conditional extreme-value index with random covariates and censoring

International audienceEstimation of the extreme-value index of a heavy-tailed distribution is addressed when some random covariate information is available and the data are randomly right-censored. An inverse-probability-of-censoring-weighted kernel version of Hill's estimator of the extreme-value index is proposed and its asymptotic normality is established. Based on this, a Weissman-type estimator of conditional extreme quantiles is also constructed. A simulation study is conducted to assess the finite-sample behaviour of the proposed estimators

Nonparametric estimation of the conditional tail index and extreme quantiles under random censoring

23International audienceIn this paper, we investigate the estimation of the tail index and extreme quantiles of a heavy-tailed distribution when some covariate information is available and the data are randomly right-censored. We construct several estimators by combining a moving-window technique (for tackling the covariate information) and the inverse probability-of-censoring weighting method, and we establish their asymptotic normality. A comprehensive simulation study is conducted to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the proposed estimators and to identify their application scope

Near-Field Heat Transfer Enabled Nanothermomechanical Memory and Logic Devices

A thermomechanical memory/logic device is disclosed. In embodiments, the thermomechanical device includes a first thermally controlled terminal (e.g., hot terminal); a second thermally controlled terminal (e.g., cool terminal/base); a stem or other structure that can be thermally expanded connected to the cool terminal; and a thermal conductive head coupled to the stem. The head can exchange heat with the hot terminal. The stem and head are between the first thermally controlled terminal and the second thermally controlled terminal, wherein the stem expands or contracts in response to heat absorbed or given off by the thermal conductive head, causing the head to move towards the first thermally controlled terminal or towards the second thermally controlled terminal until a stable state is reached. For example, bistable thermal states can be used to implement logic states (e.g., ZERO or ONE states)