Una aplicación muy didáctica

La noción del mapa conceptual, hasta donde hemos podido indagar, por primera vez aparece a mediados de los años ochenta en los trabajos de Novak y Gowin [1]. Como consecuencia de una rápida aceptación, surgen propuestas y desarrollos tanto en las distintas áreas del conocimiento, como en diversos grupos de países con diferentes grados de desarrollo y tendencias culturales, convirtiéndose esta noción en el presente en algo” bastante común (mas no trivial) dentro del pensamiento pedagógico contemporáneo

How Germany Can Realize Friendshoring in Its Neighborhood: A Half Step Plan

In EU member states, businesses are skeptical of moving production to the EU neighborhood, and governments are scratching their heads as to how to ensure stability and friendly investor relations there. Yes, the EU has developed liberal trade relations with the countries of the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe as preparation for their eventual accession to the bloc. Yet this liberalization is evidently not enough of a carrot to incentivize big reforms or foreign policy alignment that would mark them out as "friends" of the EU. If the EU cannot practice "friendshoring" in countries that are close neighbors and where its leaders want to engage, where can it

Métodos de elaboración de guías de onda

En este artículo de divulgación se considera la construcción de dos tipos de guías deonda planas, en cuya superficie se puede propagar la luz en cualquier dirección y debandas o “canales”, elaborados en forma especial sobre su superficie y por los cualesúnicamente puede propagarse la luz

Montenegro's EU Push: Imminent Opportunities and Challenges

Under its new government, Montenegro has unblocked its accession process. Although the small country faces many obstacles, it now represents the best opportunity for the EU to regain momentum for enlargement in the Western Balkans. The period until mid-2024 will be pivotal for reform progress in Podgorica and adequate response from Brussels. Their moves will also be closely watched by Russia, which is prepared to exploit new vulnerabilities in this NATO member strategically located between Serbia and the Adriatic Coast

The modulation of topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage and the induction of DNA–topoisomerase I crosslinks by crotonaldehyde-derived DNA adducts

Crotonaldehyde is a representative α,β-unsaturated aldehyde endowed of mutagenic and carcinogenic properties related to its propensity to react with DNA. Cyclic crotonaldehyde-derived deoxyguanosine (CrA-PdG) adducts can undergo ring opening in duplex DNA to yield a highly reactive aldehydic moiety. Here, we demonstrate that site-specifically modified DNA oligonucleotides containing a single CrA-PdG adduct can form crosslinks with topoisomerase I (Top1), both directly and indirectly. Direct covalent complex formation between the CrA-PdG adduct and Top1 is detectable after reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride, which is consistent with the formation of a Schiff base between Top1 and the ring open aldehyde form of the adduct. In addition, we show that the CrA-PdG adduct alters the cleavage and religation activities of Top1. It suppresses Top1 cleavage complexes at the adduct site and induces both reversible and irreversible cleavage complexes adjacent to the CrA-PdG adduct. The formation of stable DNA–Top1 crosslinks and the induction of Top1 cleavage complexes by CrA-PdG are mutually exclusive. Lastly, we found that crotonaldehyde induces the formation of DNA–Top1 complexes in mammalian cells, which suggests a potential relationship between formation of DNA–Top1 crosslinks and the mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of crotonaldehyde