Optimal Path in Two and Three Dimensions

We apply the Dijkstra algorithm to generate optimal paths between two given sites on a lattice representing a disordered energy landscape. We study the geometrical and energetic scaling properties of the optimal path where the energies are taken from a uniform distribution. Our numerical results for both two and three dimensions suggest that the optimal path for random uniformly distributed energies is in the same universality class as the directed polymers. We present physical realizations of polymers in disordered energy landscape for which this result is relevant.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Reduced genetic diversity and alteration of gene flow in a fiddler crab due to mangrove degradation

The fiddler crab Austruca occidentalis is a dominant species in mangrove forests along the East African coast. It enhances soil aeration and, through its engineering activities, makes otherwise-inaccessible food available for other marine organisms. Despite its importance, the habitat of A. occidentalis is threatened by human activities. Clearing the mangroves for salt farming and selective logging of mangroves trees continue to jeopardise mangrove ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean. This study aims to use partial mitochondrial COI gene sequences and nuclear microsatellites to determine whether salt farming activities in mangroves have a negative impact on the genetic diversity and gene flow of A. occidentalis collected along the Tanzania coast. The level of genetic diversity for both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellites are relatively lower in samples from salt ponds compared to natural mangrove sites. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) among all populations showed low but significant differentiation (COI: Fst = 0.022, P st = 0.022, P ct = 0.033, P ct = 0.018, P = A. occidentalis. Since higher genetic diversity contributes to a stable population, restoring the cleared habitats might be the most effective measures for the conservation of genetic diversity and hence adaptive potential to environmental change in this species

PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, FINANCIAL LEVERAGE, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN DAN NILAI PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP PRAKTIK PERATAAN LABA (INCOME SMOOTHING) Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menguji secara empiris mengenai praktik perataan laba dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2010-2013. Faktor-faktor yang diuji dalam penelitian ini yaitu profitabilitas, financial leverage, ukuran perusahan, dan nilai perusahaan. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode purposive sampling yang dilakukan terhadap perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada periode 2008-2011 dimana terdapat 64 perusahaan sampel. Indeks Eckel digunakan sebagai indikator praktik perataan laba dimana 22 perusahaan dikategorikan melakukan praktik perataan laba dan 42 perusahaan tidak melakukan praktik perataan laba. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan regresi logistik dengan metode backward stepwise untuk menguji pengaruh profitabilitas, financial leverage, ukuran perusahan, dan nilai perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh terhadap praktik perataan laba. Profitabilitas, financial leverage, dan nilai perusahaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap praktik perataan laba. Kata kunci : Perataan laba, Indeks Eckel, Profitabilitas, Financial leverage, Ukuran perusahaan, Nilai perusahaa

PENGEMBANGAN DATAWAREHOUSE PADA WEALTH MANAGEMENT GROUP DI PT. BANK MANDIRI (PERSERO), TBK

PENGEMBANGAN DATAWAREHOUSE PADA WEALTH MANAGEMENT GROUP DI PT. BANK MANDIRI (PERSERO), TBK - Pengembangan data, nasabah potensial, nasabah prioritas, monitoring bisnis

Genetic erosion in the snail <i>Littoraria subvittata</i> (Reid, 1986) due to mangrove deforestation

In tropical coastal ecosystems mangrove forests are important as feeding, spawning, breeding and nursery grounds for many marine species. High human population pressure in coastal areas has led to the loss and deterioration of mangrove habitats. Solar salt production can affect these habitats along the East African coast. Littorinid snails live on mangrove trees, forming an important component of the mangrove ecosystem and have been used as bioindicators of environmental health and community stress. Littoraria subvittata is the most abundant littorinid species in mangroves along the East African coast. Partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences of 298 individuals were used to assess the impact of mangrove deforestation at salt ponds on the genetic diversity and structuring of L. subvittata populations, as well as to infer the demographic history of the species. Nucleotide and haplotype diversities were found to be lower in samples from mangroves at salt ponds than in samples from natural mangroves. The mean nucleotide diversity was 0.049 ± 0.036% and 0.115 ± 0.068% in mangroves at salt ponds and natural mangroves, respectively. The mean haplotype diversity was 0.23 ± 0.14 and 0.50 ± 0.14 in mangroves at salt ponds and natural mangroves, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) detected a significant population structure (Фst = 0.049; P ct = 0.022; P st = 0.054, P st = −0.0026, P = 0.64). Reduced effective population size was observed in most samples from mangrove sites at salt ponds compared with natural mangrove. The direction of migrants was mostly from salt ponds to natural mangroves. These results show that salt ponds have a negative impact on the genetic diversity of L. subvittata populations and modify the population's genetic structure

KEABSAHAN JUAL BELI HAK ATAS TANAH BERDASARKAN HUKUM ADAT DI KECAMATAN BAKTIRAJA KABUPATEN HUMBANG HASUNDUTAN PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA

According the Batak adat (customary) law, the validity of transaction should meet three elements: in cash, real, and transparent. People in Baktiraja Sub-district still do land transaction based on adat law. It is made in a letter on embossed stamped paper signed by the seller and the buyer and witnessed by a village head although this method is rarely done today. The research problems are as follows: what factors which cause the implementation of land transaction is done based on adat law, how about the legality of land transaction based on adat law, and how about the resolution of any dispute in land transaction based on adat law in the people in Baktiraja Sub-district, Humbang Hasundutan Regency.The research used juridical empirical method. The data were obtained from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. They were gathered by conducting library research and field research as well as interviews and analyzed qualitatively.The result of the research shows that some factors which cause land transaction is based on adat law in the people in Baktiraja Sub-district are legal factor since there is no PPAT (Official Empowered to Draw up Land Deeds) and non-legal factor since in tradition the implementation is easy, simple, and affordable. Land transaction in Baktiraja Sub-district is valid because it meets material requirement as it is specified in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. Any dispute in land transaction based on adat law in this Sub-district is resolved in a family manner.It is recommended that the Local Government provide counseling for the people about getting PRONA (Agrarian National Operation). The village heads should get involved in facilitating resolution in any disputes. The local people should do any land transaction in written forms