A 250-Year Isotopic Proxy Rainfall Record from Southern Botswana

Climate records along aridity gradients where manifestations of climate change are most profound are important for testing climate models. The Kalahari Transect spans such a gradient, but instrumental records of climate parameters are limited in the sparsely populated region. We analysed the δ13C and δ18O record from a Vachellia erioloba (E.Mey) tree from the southern Kalahari Desert in Botswana to explore its potential as a climate proxy archive. Radiocarbon dates show that the record spans the period 1758-2013 CE. Both the δ13C and δ18O records correlate with local rainfall. The isotope proxies show a weak positive correlation with sea-surface temperature reconstruction from the southwestern Indian Ocean, and a stronger correlation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation index. This appears to contradict previous evidence that higher sea-surface temperatures are associated with reduced summer rainfall over the southern African interior. Instead of eastward shifts in the temperate tropical trough synoptic system during elevated southwestern Indian Ocean temperature anomalies, the evidence supports a westwards shift. The result demonstrates the potential of Vachellia erioloba as a climate proxy archive that may yield past climate variability from the arid regions of southern Africa

A 520 year record of summer sunshine for the eastern European Alps based on stable carbon isotopes in larch tree rings

A 520-year stable carbon isotope chronology from tree ring cellulose in high altitude larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.), from the eastern European Alps, correlates more strongly with summer temperature than with summer sunshine hours. However, when instrumental records of temperature and sunshine diverge after AD 1980, the tree ring time series does not follow warming summer temperatures but more closely tracks summer sunshine trends. It is concluded that sunshine is the dominant control on carbon isotope fractionation in these trees, via the influence of photosynthetic rate on the internal partial pressure of CO2, and that high summer (July-August) sunshine hours is a suitable target for climate reconstruction. We thus present the first reconstruction of summer sunshine for the eastern Alps and compare it with the regional temperature evolution

Enhanced woody biomass production in a mature temperate forest under elevated CO2

Enhanced CO2 assimilation by forests as atmospheric CO2 concentration rises could slow the rate of CO2 increase if the assimilated carbon is allocated to long-lived biomass. Experiments in young tree plantations support a CO2 fertilization effect as atmospheric CO2 continues to increase. Uncertainty exists, however, as to whether older, more mature forests retain the capacity to respond to elevated CO2. Here, aided by tree-ring analysis and canopy laser scanning, we show that a 180-year-old Quercus robur L. woodland in central England increased the production of woody biomass when exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) for 7 years. Further, elevated CO2 increased exudation of carbon from fine roots into the soil with likely effects on nutrient cycles. The increase in tree growth and allocation to long-lived woody biomass demonstrated here substantiates the major role for mature temperate forests in climate change mitigation

A new peat bog testate amoeba transfer function and quantitative palaeohydrological reconstructions from southern Patagonia

Testate amoebae have been extensively used as proxies for environmental change and palaeoclimate reconstructions in European and North American peatlands. The presence of these micro-organisms near the peat surface is generally significantly linked to the local water table depth (WTD) and therefore preservation of the amoeba shells downcore allows for water table reconstructions over millennia. In the last decades, attention for the palaeoecology of the southern Patagonian peat bogs has increased, partly because of the particular climatological setting under the influence of the southern westerlies. These atypical peat bogs are characterised by a wide range of water tables, from wet hollows to hummocks exceeding 100 cm above the water table, and a dominance of Sphagnum magellanicum on low lawns up to the highest hummocks. Here we present the first transfer function for this region that allows for reliable WTD reconstructions, along with 2k-year palaeorecords from local peat bogs.A modern dataset (155 samples) was sampled along transects from five bogs in 2012 and 2013. Measurements of WTD, pH and conductivity were taken for all samples. Transfer function model was based on the 2012 dataset while the 2013 samples served as an independent test set to validate the model. Besides the standard leave-one- out cross-validation we applied leave-one-site-out and leave-one transect-out cross-validation, which are effective means of verifying the degree of clustering in the dataset. To assure the environmental gradient had been evenly sampled we quantified the root-mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) individually for segments of this gradient.Ordinations showed a clear hydrological gradient in amoeba assemblages, with the dominant Assulina muscorum at the dry end and Amphitrema wrightianum and Difflugia globulosa at the wet end. Taxa as Nebela certesi and Nebela cockayni, possibly exclusive to the southern hemisphere, were identified and their optima and tolerances were determined. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that WTD was the most important environmental variable, accounting for 18% of the variance in amoeba assemblages. A weighted averaging-partial least squares model showed best performance in cross-validation and using the 2013 data as an independent test set. Any spatial autocorrelation was minimal although the model still appeared less effective in predicting WTD for sites not included in the training set. The segment-wise RMSEP showed that the WTD gradient was generally evenly sampled with RMSEP below 15 cm for most of the gradient, much lower than the standard deviation of the mean of all WTDs (26 cm).Preliminary results from peat cores sampled from the same peat bogs show surprisingly stable water tables over the last 2k years in Andorra bog but more variation in nearby Tierra Australis bog. Peat accumulation rates in Andorra bog are among the highest recorded in temperate bogs with around 4 m of peat accumulated during the last 2000 year

Izostanek juvenilnega efekta potrjen v stabilnih izotopih ogljika in kisika v branikah evropskega macesna

Članek obravnava razmerja ogljikovih in kisikovih izotopov v branikah blizu stržena na prsni višini (cca 1,2 m) treh evropskih macesnov (Larix decidua Mill.), rastočih v mešanem gozdu s predraslimi hrasti in nasajenimi evropskimi macesni v zahodnem Walesu, Velika Britanija. Neklimatskega naraščajočega trenda v razmerjih ogljikovih izotopov, ki ga je sicer opaziti pri drugih vrstah v letih juvenilne rasti, ni, in tudi razmerje stabilnih izotopov ne kaže pomembnih trendov med odraščanjem drevesa. Rezultati iz prvih desetih branik ob strženu se bistveno ne razlikujejo od naslednjih dveh nizov desetih branik. O izostanku juvenilnega efekta v ogljikovih izotopih evropskega macesna so že poročali v zvezi z macesni, rastočimi v nesklenjenih sestojih v Franciji in to pripisali nezastrtosti krošenj in posledične neuporabe ogljikovega dioksida, ki ga pri dihanju oddajajo drevesa. Analizirana drevesa v zahodnem Walesu so rasla v nasadu s predraslimi hrasti, ki so bili starejši od podraslih macesnov. Macesni, kot svetloljubne drevesne vrste, so morali tekmovati za prostor in svetlobo, zato domnevamo, da je morebiten pojav juvenilnega efekta pri stabilnih izotopih prej posledica sprememb v hidravlični prevodnosti lesa, kot pa česa drugega. Ker današnja praksa izogibanja juvenilnega lesa omejuje potencial stabilnih izotopov drevesnih branik za dendroklimatološke in fiziološke raziskave, bi bile potrebnih dodatne raziskave o učinkih juvenilne rasti na pojav juvenilnega efekta v meritvah stabilnih izotopov.We report carbon and oxygen isotope ratios measured from the pith at breast height (ca. 1.2m) of three European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) trees growing in a mixed wood in West Wales, UK. The non-climatic rising trend of carbon isotope ratios reported for other species during early (juvenile) growth is not present and neither isotope shows significant trends as the tree matures. Results from the first ten rings are not significantly different from the next two sets of ten rings. Absence of a juvenile effect in carbon isotopes of European larch has been reported from trees growing in a low density stand in France and attributed to an absence of shading and no use of respired carbon dioxide. This site, in contrast, is densely wooded and the dominant oaks predate the larch trees, suggesting that juvenile effects, when present, may instead be caused by changes in hydraulic conductivity. More research is needed on juvenile effects as the current practice of avoiding juvenile wood is restricting the potential of stable isotope analysis of tree rings for dendroclimatology and plant physiology