Effects of diet form and type on growth performance, carcass yield, and iodine value of finishing pigs

Citation: Nemechek, J. E., Tokach, M. D., Dritz, S. S., Goodband, R. D., DeRouchey, J. M., & Woodworth, J. C. (2015). Effects of diet form and type on growth performance, carcass yield, and iodine value of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 93(9), 4486-4499. doi:10.2527/jas2015-9149Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pelleting, diet type (fat and fiber level), and withdrawal of dietary fiber and fat before marketing on growth performance, carcass yield, and carcass fat iodine value (IV) of finishing pigs. Each experiment used 288 pigs (initially 49.6 and 48.5 kg BW, respectively) with 6 dietary treatments arranged as 2 x 3 factorials. In Exp. 1, main effects were diet form (meal vs. pellet) and diet regimen. Diet regimens were 1) a low-fiber, low-fat (corn-soybean meal) diet from d 0 to 81, 2) a high-fiber, high-fat (30% dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and 19% wheat middlings [midds]) diet from d 0 to 64 followed by the low-fiber, low-fat diet from d 64 to 81 (fiber and fat withdrawal), and 3) the high-fiber, high-fat diet fed from d 0 to 81. Pigs fed pelleted diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with those fed meal diets. Pigs fed pelleted diets had increased belly fat IV (2.9 mg/g) compared with those fed meal diets, with a greater increase when fed high-fiber, high-fat diets throughout the entire study (interaction, P < 0.05). Pigs fed the low-fiber, low-fat diet throughout had increased (P < 0.001) G:F compared with pigs fed the other 2 treatments. Pigs fed low-fiber, low-fat diets throughout the study or pigs withdrawn from high-fiber, high-fat diets had increased (P < 0.001) carcass yield compared with pigs fed high-fiber, high-fat diets throughout. In Exp. 2, treatment main effects were diet form (meal vs. pellet) and diet type (corn-soybean meal-based control, the control with 30% DDGS and 19% midds, or the control diet with 3% corn oil). The diet containing corn oil was calculated to produce carcass fat IV similar to diets containing DDGS and midds. Overall, pigs fed pelleted diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, and belly fat IV (1.3 mg/g) compared with those fed meal diets. Pigs fed the diets containing DDGS and midds had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, carcass yield, and HCW compared with pigs fed the control or corn oil diets and decreased (P < 0.001) G:F compared with pigs fed added corn oil. Belly IV was greatest (P < 0.001) for pigs fed diets with DDGS and midds and lowest for pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed the corn oil diets intermediate. In conclusion, pelleting diets improves pig ADG (approximately 3%) and G:F (approximately 6%); however, a novel finding of this study is that pelleting diets fed to finishing pigs also increases belly fat IV

Evaluation of deleting crystalline amino acids from low-CP, amino acid-fortified diets on growth performance of nursery pigs from 15 to 25 lb

A total of 294 nursery pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 15.2 lb, 3 d postweaning) were used in a 28-d trial to evaluate the effects on growth performance of eliminating specific crystalline amino acids from a low-CP, amino acid-fortified diet. On d 3 after weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. A 2-phase diet series was used, with treatment diets fed from d 0 to 14 and a common diet fed from d 14 to 28. All diets were in meal form. The formulation was based on data from previous trials in which fish meal was replaced with crystalline amino acids in the diet for 15- to 25-lb pigs. The objective of this trial was to determine which amino acids are required in this low-CP, amino acid-fortified diet. The positive control diet contained L-lysine HCl, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan, L-valine, L-glutamine, and L-glycine. The 6 treatments were (1) positive control, (2) positive control with L-isoleucine deleted from the diet, (3) positive control with L-tryptophan deleted, (4) positive control L-valine deleted, (5) positive control with L-glutamine and L-glycine deleted, and (6) positive control with L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan, L-valine, L-glutamine, and L-glycine deleted from diet (negative control). There were 7 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed the positive control diet had improved (P < 0.03) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the negative control or diets with L-tryptophan or L-valine deleted, with pigs fed the diet without crystalline glutamine and glycine being intermediate. The pigs fed the diet containing no crystalline isoleucine had similar (P > 0.40) ADG, ADFI, and F/G to pigs fed the positive control, but had improved (P < 0.03) ADG compared to the pigs fed the other 4 diets. For unknown reasons, when the common diet was fed from d 14 to 28, the deletion of crystalline isoleucine in the previous period caused a decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG compared to the positive control. Pigs from the other treatment groups had similar (P > 0.12) ADG to the positive control. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in ADFI from d 14 to 28. Because of the decrease in ADG from d 0 to 14, pigs fed the negative control or diets without L-tryptophan or L-valine had decreased (P < 0.04) ADG for the overall trial (d 0 to 28) compared to pigs fed the positive control. ADFI from all treatment diets decreased compared to the positive control, although only the negative control group tested significantly (P 0.24) in F/G for the overall data. In conclusion, L-tryptophan and L-valine were needed in the low-CP, high amino acid-fortified nursery diet to achieve maximum growth performance from 15 to 25 lb. This suggests that the tryptophan:lysine and valine:lysine requirements are greater than 15 and 57% of lysine, respectively. The numerical decrease in performance when L-glutamine and L-glycine were removed from the diet during the first period suggests a need for nonessential nitrogen in the low-CP, amino acid-fortified diet or a benefit to one of these amino acids separate from its role as a nitrogen source

Effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs

Citation: Nemechek, J. E., Tokach, M. D., Dritz, S. S., Fruge, E. D., Hansen, E. L., Goodband, R. D., . . . Woodworth, J. C. (2015). Effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 93(8), 4172-4180. doi:10.2527/jas2015-9028Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeder adjustment and diet form on growth performance of nursery (Exp. 1 and 2) and finishing (Exp. 3) pigs. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial with the main effects of feeder adjustment and diet form. The 2 feeder adjustments were a narrow and wide feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 1.27 and 2.54 cm, respectively). The 3 diet forms were meal, poor-quality pellets (70% pellets and 30% fines for Exp. 1 and 2 and 50% pellets and 50% fines for Exp. 3), and screened pellets with minimal fines (3 to 10%). In Exp. 1, 210 pigs (initially 11.9 kg BW) were used in a 21-d trial with 7 pigs per pen and 5 pens per treatment. No feeder adjustment x diet form interactions were observed. There were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or G:F due to feeder adjustment. Pigs fed the meal diet had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the poor-quality or screened pellets. Pigs fed meal or poor-quality pellets had decreased (P < 0.05) G: F compared with pigs fed screened pellets. In Exp. 2, 1,005 nursery pigs (initially 14.1 kg BW) were used in a 28-d trial with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Pigs fed from the narrow feeder adjustment had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed from the wide adjustment with no differences in G: F. Pigs fed the meal diet had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs fed poor-quality or screened pellets. Pigs fed meal or poor-quality pellets had decreased (P < 0.05) G: F compared with pigs fed screened pellets. In Exp. 3, 246 pigs (initially 56.8 kg BW) were used in a 69-d trial with 5 pens per treatment and 6 or 7 pigs per pen. Overall, ADFI decreased (P < 0.05) and G: F increased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed from the narrow adjusted feeders compared with the wide adjustment with no differences in ADG. Overall, pigs fed meal diets tended to have decreased (P < 0.10) ADG and had decreased (P < 0.05) G: F compared with pigs fed screened pellets; ADG and G: F in those fed poor-quality pellets were intermediate. Feeding meal or poor-quality pellets increased (P < 0.05) ADFI compared with pigs fed screened pellets. In conclusion, feeding nursery pigs from a wide feeder gap may increase ADG and ADFI with no negative effects on G: F. For finishing pigs, reducing feeder gap reduced feed disappearance and improved G: F. In all experiments, the greatest G: F improvements from pelleting were observed when the percentage of fines was minimized

Sophisticating a Cyclops: Polyphemus and Galatea in Roman Wall-Painting

This thesis thoroughly examines Roman wall-paintings involving Polyphemus and Galatea. The goal of this thesis is to consider what ideas these paintings can offer concerning Roman values and aspirations. The different depictions of Polyphemus and Galatea at Pompeii are affected by Roman ideas on cultural reception, the power of education, and engagement with myth and fantasy. Their relationship takes on new forms not present in the literary tradition as a result of this Roman influence. Polyphemus becomes a vessel for interplay between literary and visual portrayals, self-representation, and fantasy. The paintings in this thesis are divided into three categories: Gaze wall-paintings, Cupid wall-paintings, and Erotic wall-paintings. Each illustrate ways the Romans interacted with the myth and created new variations, sometimes leaving the interpretation to the viewer

Effects of pelleting and dietary fat and fiber levels on pig growth and fat quality

Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and IndustryMike TokachIn 11 experiments, 7,325 pigs were used to determine the effects of: 1) diet type and form on finishing pig growth performance and carcass fat iodine value (IV); 2) pellet quality and feeder adjustment on pig growth performance; 3) corn particle size and diet form on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics; and 4) dietary acidification, diet complexity, and feed-grade antibiotics on nursery pig growth performance. Feeding diets with wheat middlings and dried distillers grains with solubles all the way until marketing decreased G:F and carcass yield, and worsened carcass fat IV. Withdrawing these ingredients 17 d prior to market restored carcass yield, but resulted in small improvements in IV. Pelleting diets improved growth performance; however, a novel finding is that pelleting diets fed to finishing pigs increased belly fat IV. Feeding nursery pigs from a wide feeder gap may improve ADG and ADFI, with no negative effects on G:F. For finishing pigs, reducing feeder gap reduced feed disappearance and improved G:F. In all experiments, feeding pelleted diets improved G:F, but the greatest improvements occurred when the percentage of fines was minimized. Grinding corn finer than 650 microns decreased ADFI and improved G:F for finishing pigs fed meal diets, but not for pigs fed pelleted diets. Pelleting diets improved ADG and G:F, but the greatest magnitude of G:F improvement to pellets occurred when pigs were fed diets containing the largest particle size corn. Thus, grinding corn finer than 650 microns improved feed efficiency for finishing pigs fed meal diets, but provided no additional benefit for pigs fed pelleted diets. When dietary supplementation of benzoic acid was evaluated, added benzoic acid in nursery pig diets did not influence growth performance in university conditions, whereas feeding complex diets or antimicrobials improved growth. In the commercial setting, acidifiers improved growth in one experiment but not the other. The varying response to acidifiers is likely influenced by health status, age, or starting weight of pigs

Effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs

A total of 252 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 125.2 lb BW) were used in a 69-d trial to determine the effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with the main effects of feeder adjustment and diet form. The 2 feeder adjustments were a narrow feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 0.50 in.) and a wide adjustment (minimum gap opening of 1.00 in.). The feeders were adjusted to the minimum gap setting, but the agitation plate could be moved upward to a maximum gap opening of 0.75 or 1.25 in. for the narrow and wide adjustments, respectively. The 3 diet forms were meal, poor-quality pellets (50% pellets and 50% fines), and screened pellets with minimal fines. Average daily gain, ADFI, and F/G were determined by weighing pigs and measuring feed disappearance on d 0, 12, 22, 39, 48, and 69. No diet form × feeder adjustment interactions were observed (P \u3e 0.24). For Phases 1 (d 0 to 22) and 2 (d 22 to 48), feeder adjustment did not influence (P \u3e 0.28) ADG, but ADFI tended to increase (P \u3c 0.07) and F/G worsened (P \u3c 0.05) for pigs fed from the wide adjusted feeders. In Phase 3 (d 48 to 69), no differences were detected in growth performance (P \u3e 0.17) between pigs fed from either feeder adjustment.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 201

Comparison of soybean oil and different sources of corn oil on nursery pig growth performance

A total of 350 pigs (PIC 1050; initially 26.45 ± 0.09 lb and 45 d of age) were used in a 21-d study to compare the effects of soy oil and 2 sources of corn oil on nursery pig growth performance. The 7 dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal–based control diet with no added oil or the control diet with 2.5 or 5% soybean oil (NE = 3,422 kcal/lb) or corn oil from 2 different sources (NE = 3,383 kcal/kg for both sources). There were 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Pig weight and feed disappearance were measured on day 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the trial to determine ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Overall (d 0 to 21), increasing corn or soybean oil improved (linear; P \u3c 0.02) ADG, F/G, and final (d-21) BW, but a source × level interaction was observed (P \u3c 0.05) for ADG, F/G, and caloric efficiency (CE; caloric intake/total BW gain). For ADG, increasing soy oil or corn oil source 1 from 2.5 to 5% increased ADG, whereas increasing corn oil source 2 from 2.5 to 5% decreased ADG. Feed efficiency also improved at a greater rate for pigs fed increasing corn oil source 1 compared with the other oil sources. Caloric efficiency was not influenced by soy oil or corn oil source 2 but was improved (linear, P \u3c 0.05) as corn oil source 1 increased in the diet. The improved CE for corn oil source 1 indicated that the energy value of this source was underestimated. In conclusion, soybean or corn oil improved ADG and F/G as expected; however, growth performance varied among the 3 oil sources. This study shows the benefits of adding an oil source in late-phase nursery pig diets to achieve improved ADG, F/G, and CE, but more research is needed to determine the cause of the varied responses between corn oil sources.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 201

Effects of Increasing Chloride Concentrations on Growth Performance of 15- to 25-lb Nursery Pigs

A total of 300 nursery pigs (initially 15.5 lb; Line 241 × 600; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a 21-d trial to determine effects of increasing dietary Cl on nursery pig growth performance. Upon entry to the nursery, pigs were allotted by BW and fed a common starter diet (0.33% Na and 0.76% Cl) for 7 d. On d 7 after weaning, considered d 0 in the trial, pens were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments that were fed from d 0 to 14. Experimental treatments included a control diet containing 0.33% Na and 0.55% Cl provided by 0.78% added salt, or 5 diets with 0.33% Na and added potassium chloride to provide 0.09, 0.21, 0.32, 0.45, or 0.55% Cl. A common diet (0.18% Na and 0.49% Cl) was then fed from d 14 to 21. From d 0 to 14, ADG, ADFI, and F/G improved (quadratic, P \u3c 0.05) as dietary Cl increased from 0.09 to 0.32% with no further benefits observed thereafter. Pigs fed the 0.55% Cl diet had greater (P \u3c 0.05) ADFI, but tended (P = 0.053) to have poorer F/G than pigs fed the control diet with 0.55% Cl from added salt. Pigs fed the control diet and the 0.55% Cl diet had similar ADG. When pigs were fed the common diet from d 14 to 21, ADG decreased (linear, P = 0.045) and ADFI increased (linear, P = 0.033) in pigs previously fed increasing dietary Cl concentration. Pigs previously fed increasing Cl concentration had poorer (quadratic, P \u3c 0.001) F/G. Pigs previously fed the 0.55% Cl diet had greater (P = 0.009) ADFI but tended (P = 0.059) to have poorer F/G than pigs previously fed the control diet with 0.55% Cl from added salt. There was no evidence of difference to indicate that previously feeding the control diet or the 0.55% Cl diet affected ADG. From d 0 to 21, ADG improved (quadratic, P = 0.002) as dietary Cl increased from 0.09 to 0.32% with no further benefits observed thereafter. Average daily feed intake increased (linear, P = 0.002) as dietary Cl increased. Pigs fed the 0.55% Cl diet had increased (P \u3c 0.05) ADFI but poorer F/G than pigs fed the control diet with no evidence of difference to indicate that dietary treatments affected ADG. In conclusion, results of this study indicate a dietary Cl concentration of 0.32% would optimize ADG, ADFI, and F/G of 15 to 25 lb pigs, which is slightly lower than the NRC current estimate of 0.45%

Effect of Nebulized Bovine Surfactant for Experimental Otitis Media with Effusion

ObjectivesIn this study, we evaluated the efficacy of nebulized bovine pulmonary surfactant on experimentally induced otitis media with effusion (OME) in guinea pigs.MethodsTwenty guinea pigs were divided into three groups. Four untreated animals served as normal controls. Experimental OME was established in both ears of the remaining 16 animals by a transbullar injection of 10 µL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide in saline. Thereafter, the guinea pigs received nebulized phosphate buffered saline (n=8) or nebulized bovine pulmonary surfactant (n=8). Nebulization was given daily for 7 days. On day 8, all the animals' passive opening pressure (POP) of the Eustachian tube was measured and histopathological observations of the bulla were made by light microscopy.ResultsNebulized bovine pulmonary surfactant significantly reduced the POP compared to that of saline nebulization. The bovine pulmonary surfactant improved the tubal patency and produced less histopathologcally-evident edematous bullar mucosa.ConclusionNebulization of bovine pulmonary surfactant plays an important role in treating otitis media with effusion in guinea pigs. Our results suggest that the chosen nebulized bovine pulmonary surfactant can be of good clinical benefit for treating OME in the future