Anomaly Detection for Soft Security in Cloud Based Auditing of Accounting Systems

Postprin

A Theory of Service Dependency

Service composition has become commonplace nowadays, in large part due to the increased complexity of software and supporting networks. Composition can be of many types, for instance sequential, prioritising, non-deterministic. However, a fundamental feature of the services to be composed consists in their dependencies with respect to each other. In this paper we propose a theory of service dependency, modelled around a dependency operator in the Action Systems formalism. We analyze its properties, composition behaviour, and refinement conditions with accompanying examples.Comment: In Proceedings Refine'15, arXiv:1606.0134

Development of surgical techniques in craniofacial reconstruction

Introduction: Facial fractures are common and either the injury or the surgical treatment may cause sequelae including diplopia, visual loss, dystopia, enophthalmos, scarring, soft tissue affection and sensory disturbances. Severe facial fractures may also lead to bone defects due to resorption. In bone reconstruction after facial fractures, tumor surgery or anomalies, replacement using autologous bone is the gold standard treatment. However, in order to avoid donor-site morbidity and risks, reduce surgery time and hospital stay; the interest in artificial bone substitutes is increasing. The aim with these studies was to better understand risks and complications related to craniofacial surgery and thereby improve surgical treatment. Additionally, to explore bone substitutes in order to avoid donor site morbidity. Methods: In study I-II patients with facial fractures were grouped based on the severity and location of injury and examined three years or more after surgery regarding vision, diplopia, dystopia, enophthalmos and infraorbital nerve (ION) sensibility. Study III included patients treated for a facial fracture including lower eyelid incisions. The outcome after subciliary and transconjunctival incisions with regards to the long-term occurrence of ectropion, scleral show, entropion and canthal malposition was examined. Study IV was a prospective randomized study comparing the healing capacity between BMP-2 (250 μg/ml) in hydrogel, hydrogel without BMP-2, SpongostanTM (negative control) or TisseelTM with autologous bone matrix (positive control) in critical size cranial bone defects in neurosurgery. Study V was a prospective randomized study investigating the healing capacity of BMP-2 (50 μg/ml or 250 μg/ml) in hydrogel compared to treatment with autologous bone in alveolar cleft surgery. Results: In Study I and II, 81 patients attended to follow-up. Diplopia occurred in 3.7%, visual loss in 2.5%, dystopia in 4.9% and visible enophthalmos (>2 mm) in 8.6% (Study I). Severe diplopia was found in two patients (2.5%) and was due to nerve injuries, the trochlear and abducens nerve respectively. Complex fractures had a higher incidence of any sequelae. In Study II we found affected ION sensibility in 20% and severely affected sensibility in 7.4% but there was no statistically significant correlation between questionnaire results and log von Frey values. In Study III, including 128 patients, 8.1% had ectropion and 11% had scleral show in the subciliary group whereas 2.2% had ectropion, 4.4% had scleral show and 2.2% had a canthal malposition in the transconjunctival group. This difference was not statistically significant. In Study IV we found that TisseelTM with autograft, hydrogel and hydrogel with BMP-2 had a significantly better bone healing capacity than negative controls (SpongostanTM). Frontal bone originating from the neural crest had significantly better bone healing than parietal/temporal bone originating from the mesoderm. In Study V the bone healing capacity was comparable between BMP-2 (250 μg/ml) in hydrogel and autologous bone graft from the iliac crest after six months. Severe gingival swelling was noted in patients treated with BMP-2 (250 μg/ml) in hydrogel and therefore the study was prematurely closed. Conclusions: Diplopia after facial fractures may be caused by ocular motor nerve injuries, not only by hinged eye muscles, fibrosis or malposition of the eye, which emphasizes the importance of meticulous eye examinations in trauma patients. For access to the orbit transconjunctival lower eyelid incisions had a lower risk for ectropion and scleral show compared to subciliary incisions. von Frey monofilament assessment does not fully correlate with all aspects of sensory disturbance of the ION after facial fractures. Due to insufficient bone healing capacity in cranial bone defects in adults (partial thin bone healing) and severe adverse events in alveolar cleft surgery in children (gingival swelling), we dissuade treatment with BMP-2 in craniofacial bone reconstruction

Work absenteeism and productivity losses associated with overweight

Background: Overweight has increased dramatically in the Western world during the past decades. The condition is associated with impaired health through, e.g., cardiovascular disease, musculo-skeletal disorders, type II diabetes, sleep apnoea and cancer. Apart from causing individual suffering, overweight incurs costs to society. Aim: The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the association between overweight and work absenteeism, as well as the related productivity losses to society. Methods: Data on individual characteristics, e.g. body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), smoking, socio-economic index and muscular strength, as well as data on sick-leave, disability pension and mortality, were obtained for 45 920 Swedish men performing mandatory military service conscription tests in 1969/70 (mean age 18.7±0.5y) through linkage of national registers. Overweight was classified into pre-obesity (BMI 25.0-29.9) and obesity (BMI≥30.0), while normal weight was defined as BMI 18.5-24.9. Based on 38y of follow-up from time of conscription tests, overweight-related risks compared to normal weight for sick-leave, disability pension and premature death were estimated by the use of multivariable regression models. The related productivity losses were estimated using the human capital approach. Results: Compared to normal weight, overweight was found to be associated with increased risk of work absenteeism, especially for longer episodes (including death). During a lifetime, an obese individual was estimated to incur productivity losses to a value of €95 000 (CI95% €89 000 - €103 000) to society, nearly twice as much as his normal weight counterpart. Approximately 8% of future productivity losses among young men today could be avoided, had no one been overweight. Conclusion: Overweight-related costs of work absenteeism appear to be significant and are important to consider in decision making. Effective overweight prevention has the potential to substantially reduce productivity losses to society

Towards quantifiable boundaries for elastic horizontal scaling of microservices

One of the most useful features of a microservices architecture is its versatility to scale horizontally. However, not all services scale in or out uniformly. The performance of an application composed of microservices depends largely on a suitable combination of replica count and resource capacity. In practice, this implies limitations to the efficiency of autoscalers which often overscale based on an isolated consideration of single service metrics. Consequently, application providers pay more than necessary despite zero gain in overall performance. Solving this issue requires an application-specific determination of scaling limits due to the general infeasibility of an application-agnostic solution. In this paper, we study microservices scalability, the auto-scaling of containers as microservice implementations and the relation between the number of replicas and the resulting application task performance. We contribute a replica count determination solution with a mathematical approach. Furthermore, we offer a calibration software tool which places scalability boundaries into declarative composition descriptions of applications ready to be consumed by cloud platforms

Prevalence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Sweden: a nationwide population-based register study

Summary of ICD codes used for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. (PDF 36 kb

A five year longitudinal study investigating the prevalence of childhood obesity: comparison of BMI and waist circumference.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of obesity over time in the same individuals comparing body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR). Study design: Five year longitudinal repeated measures study (2005–2010). Children were aged 11–12 (Y7) years at baseline and measurements were repeated at age 13–14 (Y9) years and 15–16 (Y11) years. Methods: WC and BMI measurements were carried out by the same person over the five years and raw values were expressed as standard deviation scores (sBMI and sWC) against the growth reference used for British children. Results: Mean sWC measurements were higher than mean sBMI measurements for both sexes and at all assessment occasions and sWC measurements were consistently high in girls compared to boys. Y7 sWC = 0.792 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.675–0.908], Y9 sWC = 0.818 (95%CI 0.709–0.928), Y11 sWC = 0.943 (95%CI 0.827–1.06) for boys; Y7 sWC = 0.843 (0.697–0.989), Y9 sWC = 1.52 (95%CI 1.38–0.67), Y11 sWC = 1.89 (95%CI 1.79–2.04) for girls. Y7 sBMI = 0.445 (95%CI 0.315–0.575), Y9 sBMI = 0.314 (95%CI 0.189–0.438), Y11 sBMI = 0.196 (95%CI 0.054–0.337) for boys; Y7 sBMI = 0.353 (0.227–0.479), Y9 sBMI = 0.343 (95%CI 0.208–0.478), Y11 sBMI = 0.256 (95%CI 0.102–0.409) for girls. The estimated prevalence of obesity defined by BMI decreased in boys (18%, 12% and 10% in Y 7, 9 and 11 respectively) and girls (14%, 15% and 11% in Y 7, 9 and 11). In contrast, the prevalence estimated by WC increased sharply (boys; 13%, 19% and 23%; girls, 20%, 46% and 60%). Conclusion: Central adiposity, measured by WC is increasing alongside a stabilization in BMI. Children appear to be getting fatter and the additional adiposity is being stored centrally which is not detected by BMI. These substantial increases in WC are a serious concern, especially in girls

Registers of the Swedish total population and their use in medical research

The primary aim of the Swedish national population registration system is to obtain data that (1) reflect the composition, relationship and identities of the Swedish population and (2) can be used as the basis for correct decisions and measures by government and other regulatory authorities. For this purpose, Sweden has established two population registers: (1) The Population Register, maintained by the Swedish National Tax Agency ("Folkbokforingsregistret"); and (2) The Total Population Register (TPR) maintained by the government agency Statistics Sweden ("Registret over totalbefolkningen"). The registers contain data on life events including birth, death, name change, marital status, family relationships and migration within Sweden as well as to and from other countries. Updates are transmitted daily from the Tax Agency to the TPR. In this paper we describe the two population registers and analyse their strengths and weaknesses. Virtually 100 % of births and deaths, 95 % of immigrations and 91 % of emigrations are reported to the Population Registers within 30 days and with a higher proportion over time. The over-coverage of the TPR, which is primarily due to underreported emigration data, has been estimated at up to 0.5 % of the Swedish population. Through the personal identity number, assigned to all residents staying at least 1 year in Sweden, data from the TPR can be used for medical research purposes, including family design studies since each individual can be linked to his or her parents, siblings and offspring. The TPR also allows for identification of general population controls, participants in cohort studies, as well as calculation of follow-up time.NonePublishe

Revisiting the Tag Relevance Prediction Problem

Traditionally, recommender systems provide a list of suggestions to a user based on past interactions with items of this user. These recommendations are usually based on user preferences for items and generated with a delay. Critiquing recommender systems allow users to provide immediate feedback to recommendations with tags and receive a new set of recommendations in response. However, these systems often require rich item descriptions that contain relevance scores indicating the strength, with which a tag applies to an item. For example, this relevance score could indicate how violent the movie "The Godfather" is on a scale from 0 to 1. Retrieving these data is a very demanding process, as it requires users to explicitly indicate the degree to which a tag applies to an item. This process can be improved with machine learning methods that predict tag relevance. In this paper, we explore the dataset from a different study, where the authors collected relevance scores on movie-tag pairs. In particular, we define the tag relevance prediction problem, explore the inconsistency of relevance scores provided by users as a challenge of this problem and present a method, which outperforms the state-of-the-art method for predicting tag relevance. We found a moderate inconsistency of user relevance scores. We also found that users tend to disagree more on subjective tags, such as "good acting", "bad plot" or "quotable" than on objective tags, such as "animation", "cars" or "wedding", but the disagreement of users regarding objective tags is also moderate.Peer reviewe

Combined effects of overweight and smoking in late adolescence on subsequent mortality: nationwide cohort study

Objective To investigate the combined effects on adult mortality of overweight and smoking in late adolescence