Institute of Inspection Control over Parochial Schools (the Case of the Tobolsk Disctrict)

This article studies the inspection supervision implemented in parochial schools (established during Alexander III’s reign on the basis of the “Rules” of 1884) in the Tobolsk District. This study relies on the normative base of such primary schools and the previously unpublished sources from the archives of Kurgan and Tobolsk. Due to the constant increase in interest in the history of regional education, and with the search for successful historical experience in the field of effective control over the educational sphere, this topic seems relevant. Being interdisciplinary, it attracts the attention of both the history of Russia and the history of pedagogy. This problem was rarely studied separately as an independent topic of study. In academic discourse, it was analyzed only as one of the components of the educational process or as part of the general history of the church school. This article aims to fill in this lacuna. The author describes the stages in the development of supervisory institutions, from deans to observers. He also explains the reasons for refusing the services of the deans and introducing the Institute of observers, describes the typology of the Institute of Inspectorate (Imperial, diocesan, and county), their status and pay, Imperial and diocesan legal foundation. Special attention is paid to the specifics of the observers’ performance of their functional duties, which included audit trips to schools. The inspection trips resulted in reports containing comments and recommendations for further improvement of the educational process in church schools.</jats:p

The Institution of Guardianship in Rural Primary Schools of the Kurgan District of the Tobolsk Province in the 19th — Early 20th Century

В статье рассматривается специфика деятельности института попечительства как одного из механизмов содержания дореволюционной начальной светской и церковной школы в территориальных рамках Курганского округа Тобольской губернии. Актуальность исследования может быть связана с актуализацией исторического опыта в деле соучастия различных представителей общества по обеспечению процесса обучения и воспитания подрастающего поколения, а также в необходимости развития и дальнейшего совершенствования такой особенности управления образованием, как его государственно-общественный характер. Школьное попечительство, как правило, не выделялось в самостоятельный научный объект и изучалось в связи с вопросом материального обеспечения училищ или общими вопросами по истории народного образования. Не уделялось внимания и мотивам лиц, которые согласились взять на себя статус попечителя; проблеме нормативной неурегулированности взаимоотношений с учителем, учительницей или законоучителем; способам воздействия должностных светских и церковных лиц на попечителей; реакции самих попечителей на критику субъектов школьного надзора. Автор отмечает отсутствие принципиальных отличий в выполняемых попечителями функций, независимо от ведомственной принадлежности начальных училищ: Министерство государственных имуществ, Министерство внутренних дел, Министерство народного просвещения, Св. Синод; а также на отсутствие какой-либо ответственности попечителей за неисполнение или недобросовестное исполнение своих полномочий. На основе ранее не опубликованных письменных архивных источников отдельно подчеркивается влияние субъективного фактора при реализации попечительских обязанностей и подтверждается значимость соучастия представителей различных сословий общества в полноценном функционировании учебного процесса сельской . This article describes the institute of guardianship as one of the mechanisms for maintaining the prerevolutionary elementary secular and ecclesiastical school in the Kurgan District of the Tobolsk Province. The author actualizes the historical experience of various social representatives participating in the education and upbringing of the younger generation; he also explains the need to develop and improve further the education management and its state-public nature. School guardianship, as a rule, has never been an independent research object; it has only been studied in connection with material maintenance of schools, or general questions on the history of public education. No attention has been paid to the motives of people who agreed to take on the status of a trustee, the problem of unsettled normative relationships with a teacher, the ways of influencing the official secular and ecclesiastical representatives on the trustees, and the reactions of the trustees themselves to the criticism of the subjects of school supervision. The author notes the absence of fundamental differences in the functions performed by the trustees, regardless of the departmental affiliation of the primary schools (whether it was the Ministry of State Property, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education, or the Synod), as well as the lack of any responsibility of the trustees for their failure to perform, or the unfair execution of their powers. Based on the previously unpublished written archival sources, this study a) emphasizes the influence of the subjective factor on the implementation of guardianship responsibilities and b) confirms the significance of the participation of representatives of different social classes in the full functioning of the educational process of the rural school

Primary tool base for the initial stage of environmental monitoring in a megalopolis

Abstract The methodical issues of monitoring urban facilities on noise pollution and the state of radiation conditions as an integral part of general environmental monitoring conducted as a part of the training course “Environmental Monitoring Devices” are considered. The results of the study of the water quality of the Great Garden Pond in the Northern Administrative Okrug (district) of Moscow on the state of zooplankton and zoobenthos in autumn of 2019 are presented. The state of the water body was conducted on species composition and number of the major taxa of zooplankton and zoobenthos. Noise pollution was assessed in connection with the reconstruction of Bolshaya Akademicheskaya Street.</jats:p