SAS/IML Macros for a Multivariate Analysis of Variance Based on Spatial Signs

Recently, new nonparametric multivariate extensions of the univariate sign methods have been proposed. Randles (2000) introduced an affine invariant multivariate sign test for the multivariate location problem. Later on, Hettmansperger and Randles (2002) considered an affine equivariant multivariate median corresponding to this test. The new methods have promising efficiency and robustness properties. In this paper, we review these developments and compare them with the classical multivariate analysis of variance model. A new SAS/IML tool for performing a spatial sign based multivariate analysis of variance is introduced.

Negative inversion, negative concord and sentential negation in the history of English

It is claimed in van Kemenade (2000: 62) that clauses with initial negative constituents are a context in which subject–verb inversion occurs throughout the history of English. However, different patterns of negative inversion are seen at different periods of English. I argue that changes in the availability of negative inversion reflect changes in the way sentential scope for negation is marked in negative concord constructions. Thus, negative concord involving Middle and Early Modern English not does not co-occur with negative inversion, but negative concord involving Middle English ne does. Changes to negative inversion can be seen to parallel changes in the way sentential scope negation is expressed at successive stages of the Middle English Jespersen Cycle. I propose that the changes to negative inversion and Jespersen's Cycle should both be analysed as changes in the ability of negative items to mark sentential scope for negation. This observation can be formalised within a Minimalist framework as variation in the LF-interpretability of negative features, following the account of Jespersen's Cycle proposed by Wallage (2008)

Gathering and visualization of monitoring data

Työ on ollut case-tutkimus valvontadatapalvelimen suunnittelusta ja pystyttämisestä. Palvelin sijoitettiin julkisesti saataville, ja se ottaa ajastetusti vastaan muualla mitattua julkistamiskelpoista dataa. Tämän tutkimuksen päämääränä on selvittää keskitetyn valvontadatan visualisointijärjestelmän vaihtoehtoja, jotka tuottaisivat graafeja sekä asiakkaille järjestelmien kuormitus- ja käyttöasteesta, että johdolle ja ylläpidolle komponenttien tilasta, vikatiheydestä ja käyttöpolitiikan noudattamisesta. Tavoitteena on myös aloittaa järjestelmän pystyttäminen ja todentaa sen toimivuus ja jatkokehitysmahdollisuudet. Palvelimella hyödynnetään ilmaisia ja avoimia ohjelmistoja, jotta ratkaisu voitaisiin toistaa tarvittaessa muissa ympäristöissä pienin kustannuksin. Palvelimen ensimmäiseksi datalähteeksi valittiin konesalien tehomittaukset. Järjestelmän tietoturvasta pyritään pitämään huolta automaattisilla päivityksillä sekä tiedonkeräystapojen valinnalla. Tutkimuksessa painotetaan valvontajärjestelmän toteutuksen suunnittelua sekä toteutuksen käyttöönoton edistämistä organisaatiossa. Dokumentin on tarkoitus olla apuna muille ylläpitäjille sekä organisaatioille vastaavien projektien harkinnassa sekä toteuttamisessa. Tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin kirjallisuustutkimusta sekä käytännön toteutuksen myötä oppimista. Olennaiset tulokset työstä ovat että tehonkäytön hyötysuhde (PUE)-mittari kaipaa kehittämistä tai suhteuttamista muihin konesalin tunnuslukuihin edistääkseen parhaiten ympäristötavoitteita. Samoin datan tallentaminen useassa muodossa mahdollistaa jatkokehityksen kuten datan avaamisen julkiseksi tai uusien visualisointityökalujen käyttöönoton.This work is a case study in design and implementation of a system monitoring service. The service was made available to everyone, and the server receives scheduled transfers of measurements done elsewhere that are cleared for publishing. The aim of this research is to research alternatives for a centralized visualization system for operations monitoring, with the main function to produce informative graphs of both system load and usage for the end-users and system status, error frequencies and compliance with usage guidelines for the system administrators and managers. Part of that aim is to set up an intial system and verify it's functions and development potential. As a principle, free and open source software are prioritized, so that the solution would be re-usable in other environments with minimal costs. The first dataset was chosen to be machine hall power usage measurements. System security is designed to be upheld by automatic applying of updates and design of information flows. The research puts focus on the planning phase and the deployment of the platform inside the organization. This work is intended to help other administrators and organizations in planning and implementing similar projects. Research methods used include literature research and learning through implementation. Relevant results of this work are that the use of Power Usage Efficiency (PUE) as the defining factor of machine halls environmental effectiveness requires more investigation, or at least comparisons to other factors of machine halls to better reflect its environmental goals. Also, the storage of data in multiple formats allows further development, like wider publication of data and deployment of improved visualization tools

Comparison of damage risks in even- and uneven-aged forestry in Finland

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Determination of the Hubble Constant Using a Two-Parameter Luminosity Correction for Type Ia Supernovae

In this paper, we make a comprehensive determination of the Hubble constant $H_0$ by using two parameters - the B-V color and the rate of decline $\Delta m_{15}$ - to simultaneously standardize the luminosities of all nearby Cepheid-calibrated type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and those of a larger, more distant sample of 29 SNe Ia. Each group is treated in as similar a manner as possible in order to avoid systematic effects. A simultaneous $\chi ^2$ minimization yields a standardized absolute luminosity of the Cepheid-calibrated supernovae as well as the Hubble constant obtained from the more distant sample. We find $H_0 = 62 km/s Mpc^{-1}$ and a standardized absolute magnitude of -19.46. The sensitivity of $H_0$ to a metallicity dependence of the Cepheid-determined distances is investigated. The total uncertainty $\delta H_0$, dominated by uncertainties in the primary Cepheid distance indicator, is estimated to be 5 km/s Mpc^{-1}.Comment: To appear in Ap