The irrelevance of typology for grammatical theory

Many linguists believe that a parameter-setting model of grammar should capture typological generalizations. For example, a particular feature's cross-linguistic rarity might be 'registered' in a grammar that possesses that feature by means of a marked setting for the relevant parameter. I argue that such a view is in error. Grammars do not encode typological generalizations, either directly or indirectly. Put in a somewhat different way, Universal grammar tells us what a possible language is, but not what a probable language is. The most robust typological generalizations —those arising from the seminal work of Joseph Greenberg— have an explanation based in language processing.Muchos lingüistas creen que un modelo de la gramática que establezca parámetros debe captar también las generalizaciones tipológicas. Por ejemplo, un aspecto en concreto de una rareza interlingüística puede ser “registrado” en una gramática que posea esa característica mediante una señalización del parámetro relevante. Yo defiendo que esta visión es un error. Las gramáticas no codifican generalizaciones tipológicas, ya sea de manera directa o indirecta. Poniéndolo de manera diferente: la gramática universal nos dice lo que puede ser un idioma, pero no lo que probablemente será. Las generalizaciones tipológicas más robustas (aquellas que se alzan del trabajo seminario de Joseph Greenberg) tienen una explicación basada en el procesamiento del lenguaje

From 'scientific revolution' to 'unscientific revolution': an analysis of approaches to the history of generative linguistics

This paper is devoted to the challenge that generative linguistics poses for linguistic historiography. As a first step, it presents a systematic overview of 19 approaches to the history of generative linguistics. Second, it analyzes the approaches overviewed by asking and answering the following questions: (a) To what extent and how are the views at issue biased? (b) What central topics do the approaches discuss, how successfully do they tackle them, and how do the various standpoints converge and diverge? (c) How do the approaches relate to general trends in the philosophy and history of science? The concluding step summarizes our findings with respect to Chomsky’s impact on linguistic historiography

Effects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study.

As perspectives on cannabis continue to shift, understanding the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabis use is of paramount importance. Previous data suggest that cannabis use influences food intake, appetite, and metabolism, yet human research in this regard remains scant. The present study investigated the effects of cannabis administration, via different routes, on peripheral concentrations of appetitive and metabolic hormones in a sample of cannabis users. This was a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Twenty participants underwent four experimental sessions during which oral cannabis, smoked cannabis, vaporized cannabis, or placebo was administered. Active compounds contained 6.9 ± 0.95% (~50.6 mg) ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Repeated blood samples were obtained, and the following endocrine markers were measured: total ghrelin, acyl-ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and insulin. Results showed a significant drug main effect (p = 0.001), as well as a significant drug × time-point interaction effect (p = 0.01) on insulin. The spike in blood insulin concentrations observed under the placebo condition (probably due to the intake of brownie) was blunted by cannabis administration. A significant drug main effect (p = 0.001), as well as a trend-level drug × time-point interaction effect (p = 0.08) was also detected for GLP-1, suggesting that GLP-1 concentrations were lower under cannabis, compared to the placebo condition. Finally, a significant drug main effect (p = 0.01) was found for total ghrelin, suggesting that total ghrelin concentrations during the oral cannabis session were higher than the smoked and vaporized cannabis sessions. In conclusion, cannabis administration in this study modulated blood concentrations of some appetitive and metabolic hormones, chiefly insulin, in cannabis users. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning these effects may provide additional information on the cross-talk between cannabinoids and physiological pathways related to appetite and metabolism

Facilitating and supporting HIV+ parenthood: lessons for developing the advocate role of voluntary HIV support services workers

Objective: Increasingly as people living with HIV (PLWHIV) aim to become parents, they engage with HIV voluntary services for support through either fertility or adoption services. Yet, little is known about the role of HIV support services workers in facilitating access to fertility treatment or child adoption. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of HIV support workers based in HIV voluntary organisations who have a key role helping PLWHIV in navigating relevant fertility and adoption processes. Methods: This was an exploratory qualitative study which involved interviewing six HIV support workers, from across the UK. Interviews were conducted using face to face interviews, recorded and transcribed. Results: Findings revealed that HIV services support workers provide practical support in advocating service provision, and emotional and social support along the journey. They also face challenges in their role from health care professionals including information sharing and gatekeeping. Conclusion: The role of HIV support workers is important in facilitating access to resources and complex systems. HIV support workers should be recognised and as they are often a trusted professional to address stigma, discrimination and barriers to services. The study contributes to research seeking to understand the emerging needs and support requirements for people living with HIV seeking fertility and adoption. Further work in this area is warranted

Altered phenotype of phen

Altered phenotype of phe

Growth and allelism of arg-11 and adg

Growth and allelism of arg-11 and ad

Ascospore-viability on glass spreaders treated with alcohol

Ascospore-viability on glass spreaders treated with alcoho

Filtering small quantities of conidial suspensions to remove mycelial fragments

This method was in common use in the Tatum lab in the 1940\u27s, but was apparently never published. One simply sucks the suspension through the cotton plug of a pipette, used upside-down. Graduated pipettes from 1 to 10 ml work well

An integrative and holistic approach to implementing curriculum for a school garden

The purpose of the project was to develop a curriculum guide that would allow teachers to effectively and efficiently utilize a school garden to teach the required standards while promoting peace among the students. To develop this a thorough review of literature in the following areas was used: school gardening, peace curriculum, and curriculum design

Brand Partnerships and the Determinants for Success

Brand partnerships are increasingly common as the cost of developing new products and brands is expensive in terms of both monetary outcomes and potential negative spillover effects to existing brand and products in a firm's portfolio. This dissertation explores how the risk associated with such brand partnerships can be reduced. In the following three essays brand partnerships in the form of brand acquisitions and co-brand arrangements are explored. Essay 1 focuses on brands joining together through brand acquisitions and the impact on firm value in terms of cumulative abnormal stock returns is used as the outcome variable of interest. In both Essay 2 and 3 co-brand arrangements are explored and the impact on consumer recall and evaluation is the outcome of interest. In all cases, managerial insights are provided to help improve the decision making process of forming such a partnership