Spiropyran‐Based Photoisomerizable α‐Amino Acid for Membrane‐Active Peptide Modification

Photoisomerizable peptides are promising drug candidates in photopharmacology. While azobenzene- and diarylethene-containing photoisomerizable peptides have already demonstrated their potential in this regard, reports on the use of spiropyrans to photoregulate bioactive peptides are still scarce. This work focuses on the design and synthesis of a spiropyran-derived amino acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(6\u27-methoxy-1\u27,3\u27,3\u27-trimethylspiro-[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2\u27-indolin-6-yl])propanoic acid, which is suitable for the preparation of photoisomerizable peptides. The utility of this amino acid is demonstrated by incorporating it into the backbone of BP100, a known membrane-active peptide, and by examining the photoregulation of the membrane perturbation by the spiropyran-containing peptides. The toxicity of the peptides (against the plant cell line BY-2), their bacteriotoxicity (E. coli), and actin–auxin oscillator modulation ability were shown to be significantly dependent on the photoisomeric state of the spiropyran unit

European Union structural funds and economic development of the Baltic States

Bakalaura darba galvenais mērķis ir izpētīt struktūrfondu finansējuma ietekmi uz Baltijas valstu ekonomisko attīstību. Izvēlētā tēma ir aktuālā mūsdienās, jo ekonomiskā attīstība ir svarīgs valstu raksturojošs radītājs, kas atspoguļo valstu labklājības līmeni. Darba pirmajā daļā uzmanība tiek pievērsta ekonomiskās attīstības jēdzienam un ietekmējošiem faktoriem. Otrajā daļā darba autore analīze struktūrfondu darbību Baltijas valstīs, ietekmi uz ekonomisko attīstību. Pēdējā daļā tiek noteikta Baltijas valstu ekonomiskās attīstības risināšana un perspektīvas struktūrfondu ietvaros. Nobeigumā darba autore secina, ka struktūrfondu finansējums pozitīvi ietekme uz Baltijas valstu ekonomisku attīstību, kā arī piedāvā priekšnosacījumus turpmākai ekonomiskai attīstībai struktūrfondu ietvaros.The central aim of the bachelor’s work is to analyze the impact of the financial support of the Structural Funds on the economic development of the Baltic States. This theme is topical today, as economic development is a very important indicator for any country, which reflects the wealth of the nation. The first part of the work focuses on the economic development and factors having influence on it. In the second part the work the author analyzes the structural measures in the Baltic countries, as well as their impact on the economic development. In the last part are set the economic development prospects for the Structural Funds in the Baltic countries. In the end, the author concludes that structural funds have a positive impact on the economic development and offers the preconditions for future the economic development within the Structural Funds

Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids by Using the Acid Labile O-2-Methylprenyl Protecting Group

Coupling of carboxylic acids with O-2-methylprenyl hydroxylamine provided O-protected hydroxamic acids, which could be deprotected by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in dichloromethane giving volatile by-products. Protected hydroxamic acids could be N-arylated or alkylated followed by deprotection to give N-substituted hydroxamic acids