An Investigation of Youth Moral Judgment and Its Relation with the Family Structure and Feature

In fact, moral problem is that what are the rights and responsibilities of each person against others. With the growth of social groups, customs, and norms, some organizing and harmonizing methods have been created for interactions and these parties institutionalize moral in groups. Indeed, moral focuses on the fact that how heavy social benefits and responsibilities and shared life is divided equally. Psychologists describe moral growth from various methods. The main objective of the present case study is to investigate the level of moral judgment in youth and its relation with family structure and features. In this regards, 200 high school students (male and female) of Mashhad schools were examined and the obtained data was processed in SPSS software. The research findings revealed a significant positive relation between the level of moral judgment of youth and residence location.

An Investigation of Youth Moral Judgment and Its Relation with the Family Structure and Feature

In fact, moral problem is that what are the rights and responsibilities of each person against others. With the growth of social groups, customs, and norms, some organizing and harmonizing methods have been created for interactions and these parties institutionalize moral in groups. Indeed, moral focuses on the fact that how heavy social benefits and responsibilities and shared life is divided equally. Psychologists describe moral growth from various methods. The main objective of the present case study is to investigate the level of moral judgment in youth and its relation with family structure and features. In this regards, 200 high school students (male and female) of Mashhad schools were examined and the obtained data was processed in SPSS software. The research findings revealed a significant positive relation between the level of moral judgment of youth and residence location.

Reciprocity in microbiome and immune system interactions and its implications in disease and health.

Adaptation of the whole microbial normal flora residing in a host to its natural habitat over an evolutionary period has resulted in peaceful coexistence with mutual benefits for both microbiota and host in steady state. This symbiotic relationship between host and microbiota has a significant impact on shaping the immune response in the host to achieve an immune tolerance to microbiota but retaining the ability to respond to invading pathogens. Perturbation of this balance by manipulation of microbial communities in the host can lead to immune dysregulation and susceptibility to diseases. By studying the host in the absence of microbiota or with alteration of microbiota the complexity of microbial impact on the immune system can be resolved. Conversely, the study of microbiota in the absence of immune system factors can show how the immune system contributes to preservation of the host-microbiota balance. The absence of molecules involved in innate or adaptive immunity in knockout models can perturb the balance between host and microbiota further adding to more immune dysregulation. A better understanding of Microbiome-immune system interaction provides a new opportunity to identify biomarkers and drug targets. This will allow the development of new therapeutic agents for modulating the immune system to improve health with little or no toxicity. The study of interplay between host and microbiota has a promising role in the design of therapeutic interventions for immunopathological diseases arising from imbalanced host and microbiota interactions

Explicit Instruction of Memory vs Cognitive Strategies and Reading Comprehension: An Empirical Study with IELTS Candidates

Research in reading comprehension associates the assumption that readers’ attributes may influence reading comprehension; different readers may process the same text in different ways, depending on their purposes, motivation, attitudes, interests, background knowledge, and the strategies they use. The present study attempted to investigate the impact of teaching cognitive and memory strategies on male and female IELTS candidates’ reading comprehension. To carry out the study, the researcher selected a sample of 88 male and female EFL learners, who attended IELTS preparation classes in Afarinesh English Language Institute regularly. The participants were randomly assigned into three groups; namely, two experimental groups and a control group. Eight memory and cognitive strategies were taught explicitly in the two experimental groups respectively during the treatment, whereas the current usual techniques were being used in the control group. The results showed that the experimental groups outperformed the control group in reading comprehension. The difference between the mean scores of the two experimental groups was not statistically significant. That is, instructing cognitive and memory strategies have had somehow similar impact on the IELTS candidates’ reading comprehension. Finally, the participants’ gender as a moderator variable did not make a significant difference in their reading comprehension

Coping Strategies Employed by EFL Teachers to Avoid Classroom Management Constraints: Scale Development and Validation

Classroom management constraints and how English teachers cope with or remove them effectively have significantly impacted both EFL teachers and teacher educators. However, the coping strategies employed by teachers with high and low levels of expertise have not been thoroughly explored yet. To this end, first 22 teachers in one language institute in Tehran were interviewed and their main coping strategies were extracted through qualitative analysis of the interviews. Then, the extracted strategies were worded into items carefully. The questionnaire of EFL teachers’ coping strategies was validated for the purpose of the study. The findings revealed that the participants used twenty-three coping strategies under two sub-constructs: problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies, based on exploratory factor analysis. One hundred EFL teachers with high and low levels of expertise (fifty in the high and fifty in the low group) responded to the items in the coping strategy questionnaire. The results revealed that highly expert teachers used the extracted coping strategies more frequently. Furthermore, the researchers confirmed that teachers need in-service training courses on coping strategies to manage their classes effectively. The results have some implications for stakeholders, namely English language teachers, teacher educators, language institutes, education departments, and EFL curriculum developers

On the Relationship Between Critical Thinking and Language Learning Strategies Among Iranian EFL Learners

This study investigates the relationship between critical thinking and the use of direct and indirect language learning strategies by Iranian learners. To this end, two survey instruments, the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), and a questionnaire of Critical Thinking, were administered among 100 college students majoring in English translation at Karaj University. The findings reveals a statistically significant relationship between specific direct and indirect language learning strategies such as cognitive, metacognitive, and social with critical thinking, while memory, compensation, and affective strategies appeared to have no relationship with critical thinking

Production of Arachidonic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid by Mortierella alpina CBS 528.72 on Date Waste

Arahidonska (ARA) i eikozapentaenska (EPA) kiselina, koje proizvodi plijesan Mortierella alpina, važne su za zdravlje ljudi. Uvjeti fermentacije mogu utjecati na sastav masnih kiselina u dobivenom ulju. Kao podloga za fermentaciju uglavnom se koristi obnovljivi i jeftini agro-industrijski otpad. Svrha je ovoga rada bila ispitati istodobnu proizvodnju tih dviju kiselina fermentacijom na čvrstoj podlozi s pomoću plijesni Mortierella alpina CBS 528.72. Otpad od datulja odabran je kao izvor ugljika, a sojina sačma kao izvor dušika. Primjenom Plackett-Burmanovog dizajna procijenjen je utjecaj 11 varijabli na proizvodnju ARA i EPA. Analizom dobivenih rezultata utvrđeno je da su glavne varijable, koje bitno utječu na proizvodnju, starost populacije nacijepljene plijesni, te dodatak lanenog ulja i izvora dušika. Te su tri varijable zatim ispitane pomoću centralno složenog dizajna za optimiranje proizvodnje obiju kiselina. Naposljetku, proveden je test radi potvrde predviđenih optimalnih uvjeta pomoću eksperimentalnih rezultata. Pokazalo se da je moguće optimirati proizvodnju ARA i EPA na otpadu od datulja s pomoću plijesni M. alpina CBS 528.72 prilagođavanjem varijabli procesa fermentacije na čvrstoj podlozi.Arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are important for human health and are produced by the fungus Mortierella alpina. Fermentation conditions may affect fatty acid profile of produced oil. Substrates in solid-state fermentation are usually renewable and low-cost agro-industrial waste. The aim of this research is to study simultaneous production of ARA and EPA by M. alpina CBS 528.72 in solid-state fermentation. Date waste and soybean meal served as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate the impact of eleven process variables on ARA and EPA production. Analysis of the results showed that the main variables with significant impact on production include seed age, and supplementation of linseed oil and nitrogen. These three variables were then studied in a central composite design for the optimization of production of both fatty acids. Finally, reconfirmation test was conducted to obtain experimental results from predicted optimum conditions. This report showed that simultaneous optimization of the production of ARA and EPA by M. alpina CBS 528.72 on date waste can be achieved by modification of process variables in solid-state fermentation

Acrylamide Reduction in Potato Chips by Selection of Potato Variety Grown in Iran and Processing Conditions

Background Acrylamide as a possible carcinogen is known to form in heated carbohydrate-rich food such as potato chips. In this study, the effect of three potato varieties (Agria, Sante and Savalan) and two blanching conditions ((75˚C for 9 min and 83˚C for 2.5 min) on the concentration of precursors and acrylamide reduction in potato chips was investigated. Results Results revealed that potato variety and blanching time-temperature ere important parameters for acrylamide formation in potato chips. Acrylamide content in Sante variety potatoes, which contained the highest amount of reducing sugars, was found to be the highest (8825μg/kg). However, Savalan, containing the highest asparagine concentration showed the lowest amount of acrylamide due to its lower reducing sugar content. Blanching reduced acrylamide formation. It was more efficient at 75˚C for 9 min, with an average reduction of 74%. The effect of three frying temperatures (170, 180 and 190˚C) on acrylamide formation was also studied just for the Agria potato variety. Increasing frying temperature led to a significant increase in acrylamide formation. Conclusion Potato variety and processing conditions were important parameters for acrylamide formation in potato chips. The combination of a suitable variety and appropriate processing conditions could considerably reduce acrylamide content