Implementation and Evaluation of a Gigabit Ethernet FSO Link for 'The Last Metre and Last Mile Access Network'

In this paper, we propose a simple and a low cost 1 Gbps Ethernet free-space optical (FSO) communications link, which can be used both for the last meter and last mile access networks. In the emerging fifth generation wireless systems, which require at least an order of magnitude increase in the peak data rates and three orders of magnitude increase in network capacity with reduced latency, deploying multiple technologies will play a crucial role to meet these requirements. One possible complementary wireless technology to the radio frequency is the unlicensed FSO, which can bridge the gap between the existing RF wireless and optical fibre communication networks by providing high data rates, low installation costs and high energy efficiency. In this work, we propose a high-speed FSO system, which can be readily implemented using off the shelf components, and assess its performance experimentally under turbulence and fog conditions using the dedicated indoor atmospheric chamber. We show that, the proposed system under the turbulence condition with a scintillation index of 0.43 offers almost the same data rate (i.e., ∼99%) as the link under a clear channel, while the packeterror-rate reduces from 10−3 to 2 × 10−2

Concept of Vyadhikshamatva with special reference to Immune tolerance and Auto-Immunity

Lives embrace the states of health and disease. Ayurveda, the unbeaten science deals with these states of life. Ayurveda incorporates both the preventive and curative aspects of human ailments, promising it as a holistic science. This holistic approach of Ayurveda resembles to the entire function of Vyadhikshamatva. This can steer away from the origin and or progression of various diseases. Vyadhikshamatva is a broad concept comprising the whole modern understanding of immunology and other gross and subtle factors paying attention to the prevention and progression of diseases in human body. The least understood arm of immunology is the origin and mechanism regarding development of autoimmune disorders. The following article “Concept of Vyadhikshamatva with special reference to Immune tolerance and Autoimmunity” is reviewed through Ayurvedic classics in integration to modern medical facts in the causation and the course of the disease with reference to immunity, immune tolerance and autoimmunity

Identification of the gC1qR sites for the HIV-1 viral envelope protein gp41 and the HCV core protein: Implications in viral-specific pathogenesis and therapy

A substantial body of evidence accumulated over the past 20 years supports the concept that gC1qR is a major pathogen-associated pattern recognition receptor (PRR). This conclusion is based on the fact that, a wide range of bacterial and viral ligands are able to exploit gC1qR to either suppress the host’s immune response and thus enhance their survival, or to gain access into cells to initiate disease. Of the extensive array of viral ligands that have affinity for gC1qR, the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41, and the core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are of major interest as they are known to contribute to the high morbidity and mortality caused by these pathogens. While the HCV core protein binds gC1qR and suppresses T cell proliferation resulting in a significantly diminished immune response, the gp41 employs gC1qR to induce the surface expression of the NK cell ligand, NKp44L, on uninfected CD4+ T cells, thereby rendering them susceptible to autologous destruction by NKp44 receptor expressing NK cells. Because of the potential for the design of peptide-based or antibody-based therapeutic options, the present studies were undertaken to define the gC1qR interaction sites for these pathogen-associated molecular ligands. Employing a solid phase microplate-binding assay, we examined the binding of each viral ligand to wild type gC1qR and 11 gC1qR deletion mutants. The results obtained from these studies have identified two major HCV core protein sites on a domain of gC1qR comprising of residues 144-148 and 196-202. Domain 196-202 in turn, is located in the last half of the larger gC1qR segment encoded by exons IV-VI (residues 159-282), which was proposed previously to contain the site for HCV core protein. The major gC1qR site for gp41 on the other hand, was found to be in a highly conserved region encoded by exon IV and comprises of residues 174-180. Interestingly, gC1qR residues 174-180 also constitute the cell surface-binding site for soluble gC1qR (sgC1qR), which can bind to the cell surface in an autocrine/paracrine manner via surface expressed fibrinogen or other membrane molecules. The identification of the sites for these viral ligands should therefore provide additional targets for the design of peptide-based or antigen-based therapeutic strategies

Venous Ectasia of Retromandibular and Common Facial Veins: A Rare Clinical Entity

Venous ectasias are benign conditions of the neck, in which focal dilatations of veins occur. Internal jugular, external jugular or superficial veins are usually the affected ones in the neck. They are often ignored or misdiagnosed. Here we are reporting a patient with venous ectasia of the retromandibular vein and the common facial vein. A 25-year-old male presented to our out-patient department with an intermittent swelling over the right side of the neck that he had for one year. The swelling was more prominent on lying down and on Valsalva maneuver. Radiologic imaging was suggestive of venous ectasia of the retromandibular vein and the common facial vein. Surgical excision was done for aesthetic reasons and in fear of thrombosis. Intraoperatively, we noticed that it was arising from the retromandibular and the common facial veins. Venous ectasias of superficial veins are rare. We can consider these patients for surgical excision in view of the risk of thrombosis, thromboembolic events, rupture, and aesthetic reasons

Wind Turbine design and fabrication to power street lights

The objective of this work was to design and build a wind turbine which can be used to power small street lights. Considering the typical wind speeds in Abu Dhabi, UAE and ease of construction, the design of the wind turbine was chosen to be Sea Hawk design from vertical axis wind turbine category. A three phase AC generator was used for its availability over the DC motors within the region. A 12V battery was used for storage and a charge controller was used for controlling the charge flow into the battery and for controlling the turbine rotation when the battery is fully charged. The blades used in the turbine were made of foam board according to the NACA 0018 airfoil shape with a chord length of 15cm. The connecting shaft was made of stainless steel. Structural analysis and CFD analysis were performed along with other calculations. Testing was executed to calculate the voltage output from the turbine at different wind speeds. The maximum voltage the turbine produced at 6.4 m/s wind speed was 2.4Vand the rotational speed of the turbine was 60.3 rpm

Performance Analysis and Software-Defined Implementation of Real-Time MIMO FSO with Adaptive Switching in GNU Radio Platform

In this paper, we provide the first software-based implementation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) free space optical (FSO) link with the adaptive switching based on the software defined radio developed by GNU Radio software system, which emulates the real-time capability of the proposed scheme. We propose a switching mechanism to independently configure each transmitter and receiver, based on the channel state information provided at the transmitter via a feedback link and evaluate the link performance under atmospheric conditions such as fog and turbulence. We also validate the advantages of mitigating both the turbulence and fog in the proposed MIMO FSO system by means of numerical simulations and the developed GNU Radio software platform

Implementation and Evaluation of a 10 Gbps Real-time FSO Link

In this paper, we present and experimentally evaluate a real-time 10 Gbps free-space optical (FSO) link under varying atmospheric conditions. In bandwidth-craving wireless technologies due to the ubiquitous consumption by internet of things devices and requiring high data rate online services, unlicensed FSO systems can be a promising candidate to satisfy the network capacity of the existing data communications technologies. In this work, we verify the experiment using small form-factor pluggable transceivers mounted FPGA as a FSO transmitter and receiver. Here, a high-speed single FSO link is proposed and its performance under turbulence and fog conditions using the dedicated indoor atmospheric chamber is evaluated. We show that the proposed system under the turbulence condition with a scintillation index of 0.35 offers the same data rate as the link under a clear channel, while the bit error rate increases from 10-12 to 5 × 10-4