Who move to rural areas? Micro Evidence from Finland

This study uses a large individual-level dataset to investigate rural in-migration. Two separate samples are used: one consists of migrants and non-migrants, while the other contains only migrants. Empirical analyses are carried out using multinomial logit and logit models. First, rural in-migrants and non-migrants are compared. The results show that in-migration to rural areas is selective, but partly in an atypical way. The age profile of rural in-migrants is unusual, as the probability of migration increases with age. Furthermore, a typical rural in-migrant is a pensioner and has a smaller than average income. It is also notable that, with respect to educational level or family relations, rural in-migrants do not differ from non-migrants. Space and related housing factors seem to be of importance in rural in-migration decisions. The study also examines differences between rural in-migrants and other migrants. In general, those moving to rural areas are older, have a lower educational level and a smaller income. Pensioners, couples and families with children are also more likely move to rural regions. However, differences emerge in relation to the distance of migration: short distance rural in-migrants are more likely to be couples with young children, while long distance rural in-migrants are more often pensioners and return-migrants.

The impact of migration on earnings of married men and women

This paper examines differences in the outcomes of moving between married and unmarried individuals. Even if Amigration would be optimal for the family, it can be sub-optimal for one of the spouses. Unattached individuals instead, simply maximise their own personal welfare, and thus they should benefit from moving. In addition, there might exist gender differences in the outcomes of moving, especially in the family context. Therefore, both genders are investigated. The consequences of migration are examined both in terms of income and employment. A very large data set is utilised, and many-sided estimation techniques are used.

Who move to rural areas' Micro Evidence from Finland

This study uses a large individual-level dataset to investigate rural in-migration. Two separate samples are used: one consists of migrants and non-migrants, while the other contains only migrants. Empirical analyses are carried out using multinomial logit and logit models. First, rural in-migrants and non-migrants are compared. The results show that in-migration to rural areas is selective, but partly in an atypical way. The age profile of rural in-migrants is unusual, as the probability of migration increases with age. Furthermore, a typical rural in-migrant is a pensioner and has a smaller than average income. It is also notable that, with respect to educational level or family relations, rural in-migrants do not differ from non-migrants. Space and related housing factors seem to be of importance in rural in-migration decisions. The study also examines differences between rural in-migrants and other migrants. In general, those moving to rural areas are older, have a lower educational level and a smaller income. Pensioners, couples and families with children are also more likely move to rural regions. However, differences emerge in relation to the distance of migration: short distance rural in-migrants are more likely to be couples with young children, while long distance rural in-migrants are more often pensioners and return-migrants

The impact of migration on earnings of married men and women

This paper examines differences in the outcomes of moving between married and unmarried individuals. Even if Amigration would be optimal for the family, it can be sub-optimal for one of the spouses. Unattached individuals instead, simply maximise their own personal welfare, and thus they should benefit from moving. In addition, there might exist gender differences in the outcomes of moving, especially in the family context. Therefore, both genders are investigated. The consequences of migration are examined both in terms of income and employment. A very large data set is utilised, and many-sided estimation techniques are used

Where do migrants go? An analysis of urban and rural destined/originated migration in Finland in 1996-99

This study examines urban and rural destined/originated migration in Finland in 1996-1999 using a large micro-level data set. Three conclusions stand out from the results. Firstly, migrants not only differ from stayers but there are also many differences between migrants from and to rural and urban areas. In particular, rural-to-urban migrants are highly educated while those moving from urban to rural areas are not. Secondly, locational preferences vary according to the life-cycle: young and single individuals head to urban areas, whereas couples and retired persons tend to relocate from urban to rural areas. Thirdly, the results suggest that both rural-to-urban and urban-to-rural migration work to the benefit of the urban areas; hence regional disparities are likely to increase rather than decrease upon continuing migration

Retirement Intentions and Increase in Statutory Retirement Age: 2017 Pension Reform and Intended Retirement Age in Finland

To extend working lives, the 2017 Finnish pension reform introduced a gradually rising statutory retirement age, from 63 to 65 years and over. We investigate how the intended retirement age has adjusted after the reform. Survey data from 2008 (N = 1,346) and 2018 (N = 1,386) include employees aged 50–62. The results indicate that, unlike in many countries, in Finland the intended retirement age has increased in tandem with the statutory retirement age. One explanation for this might be knowledge: due to the extensive information campaign, the Finns know about the reform and can make realistic retirement plans