Norske husholdningers økonomiske tilpasning til finanskrisen

Hvordan tilpasser norske husholdninger seg økonomisk usikre tider? Jeg ønsker å få mer kunnskap om omfanget av forbruksreduksjoner, hvilke grupper som reduserer forbruket og hvilke forbruksområder som er mest og minst utsatt for reduksjon. For å få svar på disse spørsmålene har jeg brukt en kvantitativ tilnærming. Jeg har fått tilgang til data innsamlet av Statens institutt for forbruksforskning under finanskrisen (mars 2009). Jeg har brukt fire forklaringsmodeller for å se på forbruksreduksjoner fra ulike vinkler. To individperspektiver, et primærgruppeperspektiv og til slutt et klasseperspektiv. Modellene er forankret i de teoretiske retningene individuell beslutningsteori, begrepet om standardpakken og Bourdieus forståelse av sosial mobilitet. Forbruksreduksjon er målt på ni ulike områder. Jeg har satt opp en indeks som har gitt et bredt sammensatt mål på forbruksreduksjon, samtidig har det åpnet for dybde i tolkningen gjennom å se på forbruk ved hjelp av både indeksen, undergrupper av indeksen og for de ni områdene enkeltvis. Funnene viser at under finanskrisen var det en stor andel av norske husholdninger som reduserte forbruket. Reduksjonen gikk langt utover den gruppen som oppga at de hadde betalingsproblemer. Det kan forklares med en gruppe husholdninger som er risikoaverse. De strammet inn forbruket langt mer enn resten av utvalget. Med den omfattende innstrammingen som er registrert er det mulig å si at husholdningene inntar en forsiktig holdning til utfallet av finanskrisen. Et annet viktig funn er at husholdninger skjermer forbruk som er rettet mot å ivareta nære relasjoner. Dette forbruket skjermes til fordel for forbruk som er mer rettet mot synlighet og som er knyttet til sosial mobilitet og klasse.How do Norwegian households adjust to financially bad times? I wish to get more knowledge about the reductions of consumptions, which groups adjust their consumption and which consumption areas are most and least exposed to reduction. To answer these questions I have used a quantitative approach. I have used data gathered by the National Institute for Consumer Research during the Global Financial Crisis (March 2009). I have used four models to analyze reductions in consumption from different angles. Two individual based perspectives, one primary group perspective and finally a class perspective. The models are anchored in the theoretical frameworks individual decision theory, the concept of a standard package and Bourdieus conceptions of social mobility. Reductions in consumption are measured in nine different areas. I have compiled an index as a broad measure of reductions in consumption across these areas. I have also used this index to identify sub-dimensions of consumption and to examine the nine areas in their own right. The results show that during the financial crisis, many Norwegian households reduced their consumption. The reduction went far beyond the group that reported having financial problems. One important factor that helps explain this pattern is the presence of risk-averse households. They reduced their consumption more than the rest of the group. Based on the extensive reductions in consumption it is possible to conclude that Norwegian households take a cautious approach to the outcome of the Global Financial Crisis. Another important conclusion is that households protect areas that are used to maintain close relations. This consumption is protected, while ostentatious consumption related to climbing in the social hierarchy are sacrificed more readily.Master i sosialt arbei

Analysing multimorbidity using registry data

I løpet av de neste tiårne er det forventet at den vestlige verden får en aldrende befolkning, som vil føre til flere tilfeller av kompleks multimorbiditet. Siden sykehusene hovedsaklig er organisert rundt spesialiteter, vil dette ha en signifikant effekt på kompleksiteten av behandlingen av pasienter, samt den totale kapasiteten av systemet. Denne masteroppgaven undersøker risikoen for å bli diagnostisert med en ny sykdom assosiert med å ha spesifikke underliggende sykdommer, samt hvordan forskjellige kombinasjoner av kroniske sykdommer er assosiert med økt helsetjenestebruk. Datamateriale som brukes i dette prosjektet består av pseudoanonymisert informasjon om alle første sykehusinnleggelser i Norge assosiert med spesifikke kroniske diagnoser i løpet av perioden 2008-2021 fra Norges Pasientregister (NPR), i tillegg til dødsdato for hver pasient fra Dødsårsaksregisteret (DÅR), antall dager med besøk hos fastlege og legevakt fra Kontroll og utbetaling av helserefusjoner (KUHR), og antall dager med akuttbesøk og liggedager på sykehus fra NPR. Vi implementerte log-lineære Poisson-regresjonsmodeller, med offset definert som antall dager eksponert, inkludert kovariater kjønn, og alder ved bruk av cubic-splines. Funnene våre stemmer overens med eksisterende kunnskap om feltet, noe som styrker vår tro på modellen. Basert på analysene våre så har vi identifisert flere mønstre som kan indikere signifikant potensiale for videre forskning.In the next decades, the western world is anticipating an aging population, giving rise to a higher prevalence of complex multimorbidity. Since hospitals are primarily organized around specialized disciplines, this will have a significant effect on the complexity of care of patients, and the overall capacity of the system. This master thesis aims to investigate the risk of being diagnosed with a new disease associated with having specific underlying diseases, as well as how various combinations of chronic diagnoses are associated with increased health service utilization. The data material used in this project contains pseudoanonymized information of all initial hospital admissions in Norway associated with specific chronic diagnoses during the period 2008-2021 from the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR), in addition to date of death of each patient from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry (DÅR), the number of days of utilization of general practitioner and out-of-hour general practitioner from Control and Payment of Health Reimbursement register (KUHR), and days of acute visits to specialized health services and days of hospital stay from NPR. We implemented log-linear Poisson regression models, with offset defined as number of days of exposure, including covariates sex of patient, and age using cubic-splines. Our findings coincides with existing knowledge in the field, which gives validation to our model. Based on our analysis, we have identified several patterns which may indicate significant potential for further research

Card-based Method Cards for Universal Design

Universal design (UD) is a legal requirement of any Norwegian ICT-solution aimed at the general public. Due to the fact that the field of accessibility is becoming more usability-focused, thus affecting disciplines such as Interaction design, it is necessary to learn more about how strategies to ensure universal design can be implemented by interaction designers using tools to support their work. This reserarch seeks to identify strategies that can be used to ensure UD in ICT projects and translate them into tools to aid in design processes. A selection of card-based design tools and their dimensions are explored in this work, to appropriately incorporate them into a fitting context of use. The research explores the perceived usefulness of method cards based on empirical data. Findings suggest that method cards require a a high level of detail for implementation as well as context-rich empirical data

Simulation and Experimental Validation of Losses in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

Permanent-magnet synkronmaskinen (PMSM) har vokst i popularitet, grunnet dens høye effekttetthet, virkningsgrad, effektfaktor og dens lave behov for kontroll og vedlikehold. Siden de første PMSM-ene kom, har det blitt gjort store materielle og tekniske fremskritt, som har redusert prisen og økt ytelsen. Dette har har gjort PMSM til en god kandidat i markedet for elektriske maskiner. Denne masteroppgaven fokuserer på virkningsgrad og tap i en PMSM. Gjennom Finite-Element metode (FEM), studeres og valideres tapene opp mot to identiske 3kW WEG W22 Interne PMSM-er i et back-to-back oppsett, hvor tapene analyseres og allokeres. Laboratorieoppsettet var forberedt av Instituttet for Elektrisk Energi (IEL) ved NTNU før masteroppgaven begynte, og er først i en rekke av eksperimentelt valideringsutstyr til nytte for NTNU og deres industrielle partnere. Med målinger av linjestrøm og DC-motstand ble Full-Last kobbertapet (185W) simulert og målt, og sammenlignet med de totale tapene, forskjellen mellom elektrisk og mekanisk effekt. De resterende tapene utgjør mekanisk tap, jerntap, magnettap, magnetplatetap og alle kobbertap som ikke kommer fra DC-motstand. Ved å måle Null-Last tap ved lav rotasjonshastighet, kan de mekaniske tapene (31W) approksimeres. Full-Last jerntapene (18-41W) ble simulert som volumetrisk taptetthet med Steinmetz-metoden, Jordan-metoden og Bertotti-metoden. Metodene er i stigende grad kompliserte, og belager seg på kjennskap til materielle egenskaper for å være presise. Selv om de simulerte resistive magnettapene ikke er signifikante for det totale tapsbilde, er de viktige for maskinens ytelse, spesielt for en Intern PMSM, grunnet avmagnetisering. Magnettapene er simulert som resistive tap, og varierer oftest ikke mye med temperatur. De resistive tapene som er simulert i magnetplatene er ikke store i det totale tapsbildet heller, men de er like viktige som magnettapene, fordi varmen er like vanskelig å bli kvitt, og vil gå til magneten om de ikke håndteres. Motivasjonen og effekten av disse platene bør undersøkes nærmere, ettersom deres tap er større enn magnettapene i seg selv. De resterende kobbertapene er grunnet økt temperatur, AC-komponenter og nærhetskomponenter av motstanden, samt kretsende harmoniske strømmer i de trekantkoblede viklingene. Av disse er temperaturen antatt å være mest utslagsgivende, økningen vil heve kobbertapene med 31.2%. AC-komponenten er neglisjerbar for de tynne kobberlederne, men det kan det være at nærhetskomponenten ikke er. De kretsende strømmene lar seg ikke måle på terminalene, og er derfor også vanskelige å estimere, men de kan være av betydning for maskinutformingen. Instrumentenes målesikkerhet er beregnet og stilt spørsmål ved, og konklusjonen er at det trengs mer presise målinger ved eksperimentell validering fremover. Sammen med en reevaluering av trekantkoblede maskiner, er dette rådet som gis IEL i deres fremtidige investeringer på laboratoriet.The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) has seen a surge in popularity, due to its high torque density, efficiency, power factor and its low need for control and maintenance. Since the first PMSMs were introduced, many material and technical advantages have been made, reducing the price and increasing the overall performance, making the PMSM a strong competitor in the electric machine market. This thesis focuses on the efficiency and the losses of the PMSM. Studying the losses found through Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, and validating them with two identical 3kW WEG W22 Interior PMSMs in a back-to-back setup, the losses are allocated and analysed. The laboratory facilities were prepared by the Department of Electric Energy (IEL) at NTNU before the Thesis work began, as the first in a chain of investments in experimental validation equipment for use by NTNU and their industrial partners. Using measure line current and DC resistance, a lower estimate of the Full-Load copper losses (185W) is simulated and measured, which is subtracted from the total losses, the difference between electrical and mechanical power. The remainder, ie. the rest losses in the machine, comprise mechanical losses, core losses, PM losses, PM plate losses and all of the copper losses not resulting from DC resistance. By measuring the No-Load losses at low speed, the mechanical loss (31W) and the core losses can be approximated. The Full-Load core losses (18-41W) are also calculated through volumetric loss density simulation, using the Steinmetz Method, Jordan Method and the Bertotti Method. The methods are increasingly sophisticated and rely on the knowledge of material properties to be precise. Though the simulated resistive PM losses are not of significance in the total loss picture, they are important for the performance of the machine, especially in an IPMSM, in part due to demagnetisation. They are simulated as resistive losses, and do not typically vary a lot with temperature. The resistive losses simulated in the PM plates are not large in the total losses aspect either, but carry the same importance as the PM losses, as they are hard to distribute, and will heat the PM if thermal management is not thought through. The intent and function of these plates should be further investigated, as their losses are greater than the losses in the PMs. The residual copper losses are due to temperature rise, AC and proximity components, and circulating harmonic currents in the delta-configured winding. Of these, the greatest factor is estimated to be the temperature, which will increase the copper losses by 31.2%. The AC component is considered negligible for the the thin conductors, but the proximity component may not be. The circulating currents are not measurable at the terminals, and are therefore difficult to estimate, but they could be of significance to the machine design. The measurement accuracy of the instruments in the laboratory setup is calculated and questioned, which brings the conclusion of needing more precise measurements in future experimental validation. This, along with a reconsideration of delta-connected machine, is the advice for IEL's continued laboratory investments

An Experimental Study of Tertiary CO2 Injection Strategies in Fractured Limestone Rocks

The experimental work within this thesis is a continued investigation of tertiary recovery by injection of supercritical CO2 and CO2-foam under miscible conditions for enhanced oil recovery in fractured limestone. Secondary recovery methods in heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs can leave two-thirds of the oil behind, drawing attention to alternative injection schemes. CO2 injection is a widely established technique within the oil industry, and has been in use for over 40 years. When CO2 achieves a supercritical state, it has the properties of a gas but behaves similar to a liquid. Above the minimum miscibility pressure, interfacial tension between CO2 and the oil is eliminated, making the phases miscible. Since CO2 has much lower viscosity than water and oil, the gas-oil mobility ratio becomes unfavorable. Fingering and channeling of gas through the oil is a direct result of this, and is often considered a major problem for fractured reservoirs. Combining CO2 with water in a water- alternating-gas (WAG) process can significantly reduce mobility of CO2 and delay CO2 breakthrough. Further reduction in gas mobility may be achieved through implementation of foam. This can be done in two ways: 1) simultaneous injection of CO2 and surfactant, called co- injection. 2) surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG). A total of 13 experiments were conducted as tertiary injection methods on outcrop limestone cores in this thesis. Single CO2 and co- injection of CO2 and surfactant tests were conducted in both whole and fractured cores. One of these was a tertiary injection with integrated CO2 and CO2-foam on the same core. Tertiary WAG and SAG injections, mostly integrated on the same core, were performed to evaluate its effect on oil recovery. Injection methods were studied for both whole and fractured cores to observe the impact of fractures on different injection strategies. Experimental setups were designed to maintain conditions (90 bar and 35 C) such that the CO2 would become supercritical and miscible with n- Decane. Results from experiments showed that pure CO2 injection had the same final recovery in whole and fractured cores, while co-injection in whole cores recovered less than in fractured cores. No significant difference was found between recovery in tertiary WAG and SAG, with 13.4 % of OOIP and 12.5 % of OOIP, respectively. The two most promising tertiary injection methods were integrated WAG and SAG with 32.4 % of OOIP, as well as integrated CO2 and co-injection with 36.2 % of OOIP. The experimental work in this thesis shows that by combining several injection strategies, in integrated EOR, more residual oil can potentially become mobilized that may not have been possible through utilization of each method individually. The timing of switching from CO2 to CO2-foam proved to be crucial at CO2 breakthrough to maximize ultimate recovery.MAMN-PETRPTEK39

Effects of air pollution and greenness on asthma and allergy — over time and across generations

Background: The prevalence of asthma and allergies have increased in the last decades, likely due to complex interaction of genes and environmental factors; however, causal pathways are still far from understood. Environmental factors like air pollution and greenness play a part, but the impact of relatively low levels of air pollution and greenness on the development of asthma and allergies throughout the lifespan and across generations has not been elucidated. When studying intergenerational risk factors, the use of reports on asthma across generations is essential. Before using such reports, however, it is important to validate them. Objectives: I) To determine the agreement between parental and offspring asthma reports in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) generation study, and identify predictors of disagreement. II) To investigate the risk of adult asthma, rhinitis and low lung function after lifelong exposure to air pollution and greenness. III) To investigate the associations between parental childhood exposure to air pollution and greenness in relation to their future offspring asthma and rhinitis, and assess if the associations were direct effects or if they were mediated through parental asthma, pregnancy exposure to greenness/air pollution and offspring own exposure. Material and methods: I) Asthma reports from 6752 offspring and their 5907 parents from the RHINESSA study regarding themselves and each other were analysed. Cohen’s kappa, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to determine agreement. The participant’s own answers regarding themselves were defined as the gold standard. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors for disagreement. II) and III) Individual annual mean residential exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), black carbon (BC), ozone (O3) and greenness (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were calculated and averaged across the following susceptibility windows: Paper II (N = 3428): 0-10 years, 10-18 years, from birth until age of diagnosis, lifetime and year before study participation. Paper III (N = 1106 parents, 1949 offspring): parents 0-18 years and offspring 0-10 years. In paper II, logistic regression was performed for the outcomes asthma attack, rhinitis and impaired lung function (below lower limit of normal (LLN: z-score <1.64 SD)), while conditional logistic regression with a matched case-control design was performed for asthma (ever/allergic/non-allergic). In paper III, logistic regression and mediation analyses were performed for the outcomes offspring asthma and rhinitis. Results: I) Agreement of parental reports of offspring early (10 years) onset asthma was good and moderate, respectively (Cohen’s kappa 0.72 and 0.46). Agreement of offspring reports of maternal and paternal asthma was good (Cohen’s kappa 0.69 and 0.68). For both parents and offspring, the most common disagreement was to report no asthma in asthmatic relatives rather than to report asthma in non-asthmatic relatives. Current smokers (odds ratio (OR) 1.46 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05, 2.02) and fathers (OR 1.31 95% CI 1.08, 1.59) were more likely to report offspring asthma incorrectly. Offspring wheeze was associated with reporting parental asthma incorrectly (OR 1.60 95% CI 1.21, 2.11). II) Exposures to NO2, PM10 and O3 were associated with increased risk for asthma attacks (range ORs 1.29 to 2.25). Exposures to PM2.5 and O3 increased the risk for low lung function, in particular forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (range ORs 2.65 to 4.21). Increased NDVI was associated with lower FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) in all susceptibility windows (range ORs 1.39 to 1.74). III) Maternal exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with higher offspring asthma risk (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.32, 3.78; OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.36, 3.80) and paternal high BC exposure was associated with lower offspring asthma risk (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11, 0.87). Risk for rhinitis increased for offspring of fathers with medium O3 exposure (OR 4.15, 95%CI 1.28, 13.50) and mothers with high PM10 exposure (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.19, 5.91). The effect of maternal PM10 exposure on offspring asthma was direct, while it for rhinitis was mediated through exposures in pregnancy and offspring’s own exposures. Paternal O3 exposure had a direct effect on offspring rhinitis. Conclusions: I) Agreement of self-reported asthma across generations in the RHINESSA study showed moderate to good agreement, although with some risk of under-report. II) Lifelong air pollution exposure was associated with asthma attacks, rhinitis and low lung function. Exposure to greenness was associated with low lung function. III) Parental air pollution exposures in their childhood were associated with increased risk of asthma and rhinitis in future offspring. Consequences: Exposure to air pollution and greenness impact numerous people. Further research is warranted to entirely understand the complex underlying interactions between air pollution and greenness and respiratory health. However, results from this PhD project suggest that existing air pollution limit values may be too high, and that exposures below the upper limit values may have harmful health effects. From a public health perspective, one should continuously strive for cleaner air, not only for today’s population, but also for the next generations.Doktorgradsavhandlin

Sanctions and the Shadow Fleet: Assessing the Effectiveness of Measures Against Deceptive Shipping Practices in the Arctic LNG Trade

Denne oppgaven utforsker effektiviteten av internasjonale sanksjoner i å begrense villedende skipsfartspraksiser innen skyggeflåten som er involvert i transport av russisk LNG fra Arctic LNG 2-prosjektet. Studien undersøker hvordan fartøyer benytter taktikker som flagghopping, AIS-spoofing og skjulte skip-til-skip (STS) overføringer for å unngå sanksjoner og fortsette operasjoner til tross for regulatoriske restriksjoner. Forskningen anvender en kvalitativ metodologi, med en kombinasjon av casestudier og dybdeintervjuer med bransjeeksperter, samsvars-spesialister og analytikere innen fartøysporing. Gitt mangelen på kvantitative data om skyggeflåtens aktiviteter på grunn av deres hemmelighetsfulle natur, gir kvalitative innsikter en dypere forståelse av disse villedende praksisene og utfordringene som sanksjonshåndhevingsorganer står overfor. Funnene viser at mens skyggeflåteoperatører historisk sett har vært effektive i å omgå sanksjoner, har nyere tiltak betydelig forstyrret deres operasjoner. Mange skyggeflåtefartøyer ligger nå i opplag nær havner som Vladivostok og Murmansk eller blir brukt som flytende lagringsenheter, noe som indikerer at dagens sanksjoner utøver betydelig press. Studien fremhever skyggeflåtens tilpasningsevne, hvor de utnytter regulatoriske smutthull og benytter avanserte unndragelsesteknikker, som å kringkaste falske AIS-signaler eller hyppig endre registreringsflagg. Nøkkelutfordringer som identifiseres inkluderer begrensningene ved dagens fartøyssporingsteknologier og vanskeligheten med å opprettholde oversikt på grunn av eierskapsuklarheter og jurisdiksjonelle hull. Selv om verktøy som syntetisk apertur-radar (SAR) og maskinlæringsanalyser har forbedret deteksjonen, forblir de kostbare og utilgjengelige for mindre håndhevingsorganer. Funnene understreker behovet for økt internasjonalt samarbeid, sanntidssporingsteknologier og regulatoriske reformer for å opprettholde effektiviteten av sanksjoner. Konklusjonen viser at sanksjoner har lykkes med å hemme skyggeflåtens evne til å operere fritt. Imidlertid krever det kontinuerlig suksess en proaktiv, flerlaget strategi som integrerer teknologiske fremskritt, politisk tilpasning og globalt samarbeid. Disse tiltakene er kritiske for å bevare integriteten i maritim handel, sikre samsvar og redusere de bredere risikoene forbundet med villedende skipsfartspraksiser.This thesis explores the effectiveness of international sanctions in curbing deceptive shipping practices within the shadow fleet involved in transporting Russian LNG from the Arctic LNG 2 project. The study examines how vessels use tactics like flag hopping, AIS spoofing, and covert ship-to-ship (STS) transfers to evade sanctions and continue operations despite regulatory restrictions. The research employs a qualitative methodology, combining case studies and in-depth interviews with industry experts, compliance specialists, and vessel tracking analysts. Given the lack of quantitative data on shadow fleet activities due to their clandestine nature, qualitative insights provide a deeper understanding of these deceptive practices and the challenges faced by sanctions enforcement bodies. The findings reveal that while shadow fleet operators have historically been effective at circumventing sanctions, recent measures have significantly disrupted their operations. Many shadow fleet vessels are now idling near ports like Vladivostok and Murmansk or being used as floating storage units, indicating that current sanctions are exerting substantial pressure. The study highlights the adaptability of the shadow fleet, which exploits regulatory loopholes and employs advanced evasion techniques, such as broadcasting false AIS signals or frequently changing flags of registration. Key challenges identified include the limitations of current vessel tracking technologies and the difficulty in maintaining oversight due to ownership opacity and jurisdictional gaps. While tools like Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and machine learning analytics have improved detection, they remain costly and inaccessible to smaller enforcement agencies. The findings underscore the need for enhanced international cooperation, real-time tracking technologies, and regulatory reforms to sustain the effectiveness of sanctions. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that sanctions have successfully hindered the shadow fleet’s ability to operate freely. However, maintaining this success requires a proactive, multi-layered strategy that integrates technological advancements, policy adaptation, and global collaboration. These measures are critical to preserving the integrity of maritime trade, ensuring compliance, and mitigating the broader risks associated with deceptive shipping practices

Sanctions and the Shadow Fleet: Assessing the Effectiveness of Measures Against Deceptive Shipping Practices in the Arctic LNG Trade

Denne oppgaven utforsker effektiviteten av internasjonale sanksjoner i å begrense villedende skipsfartspraksiser innen skyggeflåten som er involvert i transport av russisk LNG fra Arctic LNG 2-prosjektet. Studien undersøker hvordan fartøyer benytter taktikker som flagghopping, AIS-spoofing og skjulte skip-til-skip (STS) overføringer for å unngå sanksjoner og fortsette operasjoner til tross for regulatoriske restriksjoner. Forskningen anvender en kvalitativ metodologi, med en kombinasjon av casestudier og dybdeintervjuer med bransjeeksperter, samsvars-spesialister og analytikere innen fartøysporing. Gitt mangelen på kvantitative data om skyggeflåtens aktiviteter på grunn av deres hemmelighetsfulle natur, gir kvalitative innsikter en dypere forståelse av disse villedende praksisene og utfordringene som sanksjonshåndhevingsorganer står overfor. Funnene viser at mens skyggeflåteoperatører historisk sett har vært effektive i å omgå sanksjoner, har nyere tiltak betydelig forstyrret deres operasjoner. Mange skyggeflåtefartøyer ligger nå i opplag nær havner som Vladivostok og Murmansk eller blir brukt som flytende lagringsenheter, noe som indikerer at dagens sanksjoner utøver betydelig press. Studien fremhever skyggeflåtens tilpasningsevne, hvor de utnytter regulatoriske smutthull og benytter avanserte unndragelsesteknikker, som å kringkaste falske AIS-signaler eller hyppig endre registreringsflagg. Nøkkelutfordringer som identifiseres inkluderer begrensningene ved dagens fartøyssporingsteknologier og vanskeligheten med å opprettholde oversikt på grunn av eierskapsuklarheter og jurisdiksjonelle hull. Selv om verktøy som syntetisk apertur-radar (SAR) og maskinlæringsanalyser har forbedret deteksjonen, forblir de kostbare og utilgjengelige for mindre håndhevingsorganer. Funnene understreker behovet for økt internasjonalt samarbeid, sanntidssporingsteknologier og regulatoriske reformer for å opprettholde effektiviteten av sanksjoner. Konklusjonen viser at sanksjoner har lykkes med å hemme skyggeflåtens evne til å operere fritt. Imidlertid krever det kontinuerlig suksess en proaktiv, flerlaget strategi som integrerer teknologiske fremskritt, politisk tilpasning og globalt samarbeid. Disse tiltakene er kritiske for å bevare integriteten i maritim handel, sikre samsvar og redusere de bredere risikoene forbundet med villedende skipsfartspraksiser.This thesis explores the effectiveness of international sanctions in curbing deceptive shipping practices within the shadow fleet involved in transporting Russian LNG from the Arctic LNG 2 project. The study examines how vessels use tactics like flag hopping, AIS spoofing, and covert ship-to-ship (STS) transfers to evade sanctions and continue operations despite regulatory restrictions. The research employs a qualitative methodology, combining case studies and in-depth interviews with industry experts, compliance specialists, and vessel tracking analysts. Given the lack of quantitative data on shadow fleet activities due to their clandestine nature, qualitative insights provide a deeper understanding of these deceptive practices and the challenges faced by sanctions enforcement bodies. The findings reveal that while shadow fleet operators have historically been effective at circumventing sanctions, recent measures have significantly disrupted their operations. Many shadow fleet vessels are now idling near ports like Vladivostok and Murmansk or being used as floating storage units, indicating that current sanctions are exerting substantial pressure. The study highlights the adaptability of the shadow fleet, which exploits regulatory loopholes and employs advanced evasion techniques, such as broadcasting false AIS signals or frequently changing flags of registration. Key challenges identified include the limitations of current vessel tracking technologies and the difficulty in maintaining oversight due to ownership opacity and jurisdictional gaps. While tools like Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and machine learning analytics have improved detection, they remain costly and inaccessible to smaller enforcement agencies. The findings underscore the need for enhanced international cooperation, real-time tracking technologies, and regulatory reforms to sustain the effectiveness of sanctions. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that sanctions have successfully hindered the shadow fleet’s ability to operate freely. However, maintaining this success requires a proactive, multi-layered strategy that integrates technological advancements, policy adaptation, and global collaboration. These measures are critical to preserving the integrity of maritime trade, ensuring compliance, and mitigating the broader risks associated with deceptive shipping practices