Electrocardiography and echocardiography in athletic heart imagining

The aim of the study was evaluation of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in athletes. „Athletic heart” characteristics were compared with fit persons’ heart. 96 athletes participated in the study. Sportsmen were divided into: static (S), dynamic (D) and composite (SD) exercise groups and Polish (I), European (II), World (III) champions. 30 students from Sport Academy formed the control group (K). Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination were performed in everyone. As regards the type of exercise, the end-systolic left ventricular (LV) dimension was smaller in S in comparison with D and SD (28.9 vs 32.2 and 32.68 mm; P<0.05). LV mass was bigger in D in comparison with K (273.2 vs 218.6 g; P<0.05). Medium Pulmonary Artery Pressure (MPAP) in S and SD was lower in respect to D and K (11.75; 11.08 vs 15.52; 17.43 mm Hg; P<0.05). We observed lower heart rate in D, SD in comparison with K (58.64; 60.54 vs 68.8; P<0.05), bigger R wave amplitude in V5 (RV5) (21.65; 23.5 vs 15.03 mm; P<0.05) and V6 (RV6) (23.5 vs 15.3 mm; P<0.05) in group S in respect to K. LV mass was bigger in III than in K (261.3 vs 218.6 g; P<0.05). MPAP was lower in I and II in comparison with K (11.42; 13.13 vs 17.43 mmHg; P<0.05). HR was lower in categories I, II than in K (61.32; 60.13 vs 68.8; P<0.05), RV5 was bigger in I in comparison with K (19.5 vs 15.03 mm; P<0.05). The electrocardiography and echocardiography proves to find some significant differences between athletic and fit persons’ heart especially as concerns MPAP, RV5, RV6 values

Changes in European eel ovary development and body and ovary chemistry during stimulated maturation under controlled conditions: preliminary data

This study compared changes in the biochemical composition of muscles and ovaries of maturing female European eels during hormonal stimulation with carp pituitary homogenate under controlled conditions and in the development of oocytes. It has been found that differentiation of oocyte size in eel is visible from the beginning of the gamete maturation process. This differentiation increases as gonads grow. Furthermore, oocytes are at different development stages and are still highly differentiated in terms of size during ovulation. Moreover, the biochemical composition of the body and gonads was found to change. During the process of maturation, the relative fat content in the eel body decreases both in the muscles (from 21.99 ± 4.3 to 18.48 ± 3.3 %) and in gonads (from 25.76 ± 2.71 to 15.21 ± 4.7 %), with the changes in ovaries being more rapid. Protein content in muscles also decreased (from 15.98 ± 3.13 to 12.35 ± 1.6 %) during the process of female maturation. Different trends were observed for polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA). The total amount of these acids decreased in muscles (P\0.05) but increased in ovaries (P[0.05)

Multidimensional Work Addiction in Upper Secondary School Teachers

Research Objectives and Problems: The aim of this research is to determine the level and structure of multidimensional work addiction among the surveyed secondary school teachers. The main research question is: What is the level and structure of multidimensional work addiction among the surveyed secondary school teachers? Research Methods: The empirical material was collected using a diagnostic survey approach.&nbsp; The primary tool utilized was the Multidimensional Workaholism Questionnaire (WKOP), developed by Szpitalak (2012). Structure of the Article: The article begins with an introduction to the research that describes the phenomenon of teachers’ work addiction and characterizes the teaching profession. The empirical section outlines the research program and methodology. This is followed by an analysis of the results, verification of the working hypotheses, and a summary. Research Findings and Their Impact on Educational Sciences: The analysis of the research results confirmed the validity of the adopted research assumptions. Conclusions and Recommendations: The results prove the high professional commitment of teachers, with diagnosed work addiction ranging from positive commitment and intrinsic motivation to potentially destructive effects on their health (cf. Golińska, 2008). It is essential to implement a transparent motivation system that ensures respect for teachers, supports their professional development, and provides them with a sense of agency and purpose

Sin, Penance And Confession From A Protestant Perspective

Although the reality of evil and moral weakness belongs to the most commonhuman experience, only rational analysis does not allow for the rightful understandingof these aspects of the human condition. Christianity comes to man’said here when it sheds supernatural light on its essence and Divine origin, and atthe same time on weakness and the need of grace. In view of the entire Christiantradition, Protestantism appears as an important and serious tradition, howeverevaluated sometimes as unilateral or extremely pessimistic. "e Reformationalassumptions and multi-century subsequent history of theological thought andsacramental-pastoral practice, particularly in Lutheran, Calvinist and Anglicantradition, demand careful studies and analyses, so that this aspect of humanfate and supernatural destiny should be comprehensively understood

Indygeni pruscy i przybysze. Szlacheccy właściciele ziemscy w województwie malborskim Prus Królewskich w XVI–XVIII wieku

Malbork voivodeship, existing in time of the Commonwealth of Poland, was the smallest among three provinces of the Royal Prussia. Noble estates in the province were not impressive. There were only about 80 villages, but numerous contracts, agreements, pledges or inheritance were characteristic for this area. Hitherto research indicate that during 300 years of existence within Polish boundaries, in the region lived around 200 families. Those were landowners, or those who had inherited property law. Only a few of them managed to stay here for longer, but all left their mark in historical records. To a lesser or greater extent, they exerted an influence on the history of the province.Istniejące w czasach I Rzeczypospolitej województwo malborskie było najmniejszym z trzech województw Prus Królewskich. Szlachecka własność ziemska tego województwa nie była imponująca. Liczyła zaledwie około 80 wsi, jednak stale była przedmiotem licznych kontraktów, umów, zastawów czy dziedziczenia. Z prowadzonych badań wynika, że przez 300 lat istnienia województwa w granicach państwa polskiego przewinęło się przez nie około 200 rodzin. Rodzin zaliczanych do właścicieli ziemskich, czyli tych, którzy posiadali majątek prawem dziedzicznym. Tylko niewielu z nich udało się pozostać tu na dłużej. Wszyscy jednak zostawili swój ślad w źródłach. W mniejszym lub większym stopniu wywierali też wpływ na losy prowincji

Changes in European eel ovary development and body and ovary chemistry during stimulated maturation under controlled conditions -preliminary data

This study compared changes in the biochemical composition of muscles and ovaries of maturing female European eels during hormonal stimulation with carp pituitary homogenate under controlled conditions and in the development of oocytes. It has been found that differentiation of oocyte size in eel is visible from the beginning of the gamete maturation process. This differentiation increases as gonads grow. Furthermore, oocytes are at different development stages and are still highly differentiated in terms of size during ovulation. Moreover, the biochemical composition of the body and gonads was found to change. During the process of maturation, the relative fat content in the eel body decreases both in the muscles (from 21.99 ± 4.3 to 18.48 ± 3.3 %) and in gonads (from 25.76 ± 2.71 to 15.21 ± 4.7 %), with the changes in ovaries being more rapid. Protein content in muscles also decreased (from 15.98 ± 3.13 to 12.35 ± 1.6 %) during the process of female maturation. Different trends were observed for polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA). The total amount of these acids decreased in muscles (P\0.05) but increased in ovaries (P[0.05)

Nadzieja na sukces nauczycieli a ich poczucie kontroli i własnej skuteczności

The professional work of a teacher in social opinion is defined as a mission, an art or a vocation (Taraszkiewicz, 1998; Muszkieta, 2001; Lewowicki, 2007; Rudnicki et al., 2008; Day, 2008; Szempruch, 2013; Dróżka, 2017). The nature of the teacher’s work includes not only knowledge and skills but also his own person, along with a specific professional experience and method of operation, as well as pedagogical optimism and hope for success. This belief means that, despite many obstacles and numerous problems, he is able to overcome difficulties by showing great willpower and the ability to find solutions. This is facilitated by his personal resources, in particular: the sense of control and self-efficacy. This issue has become the subject of this empirical research. The presented results show the role of the sense of control and self-efficacy of the surveyed primary school teachers in explaining their hopes for success. The conducted analyses showed a positive significant relationship between the variables studied. The growing sense of internal control and self-efficacy of the surveyed educators is accompanied by a growing level of their hope for success, especially the ability to find solutions.Praca zawodowa nauczyciela w opinii społecznej określana jest mianem misji, sztuki czy też powołania. Wymaga wysokich kompetencji profesjonalnych i szczególnych predyspozycji osobowych (Taraszkiewicz, 1998; Muszkieta, 2001; Lewowicki, 2007; Rudnicki i in., 2008; Day, 2008; Szempruch, 2013; Dróżka, 2017). W charakter pracy nauczyciela wpisana jest nie tylko wiedza i umiejętności, ale także jego własna osoba, wraz z określonym doświadczeniem profesjonalnym i sposobem działania oraz optymizmem pedagogicznym i nadzieją na sukces. To przekonanie sprawia, że mimo wielu przeszkód i licznych problemów, jest on w stanie przezwyciężyć występujące trudności wykazując dużą silę woli i umiejętności znajdowania rozwiązań. Sprzyjają temu jego zasoby osobiste, w tym zwłaszcza: poczuciu kontroli i poczucie własnej skuteczności. Problematyka ta stała się przedmiotem niniejszych badań empirycznych. Przedstawione wyniki ukazują rolę poczucia kontroli i własnej skuteczności badanych nauczycieli szkół podstawowych w wyjaśnieniu ich nadziei na sukces. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały dodatni istotny związek między badanymi zmiennymi. Rosnącemu poczuciu kontroli wewnętrznej i własnej skuteczności badanych pedagogów towarzyszy rosnący poziom ich nadziei na sukces, a szczególnie umiejętność znajdowania rozwiązań

Wojna sprawiedliwa z perspektywy prawosławnej

Being sent to the world Christianity had to determine its moral assessment of different worldly realities, war and peace among them. While the Western tradition rather early developed a just war doctrine, the East took a different path. War has constantly been perceived as evil though in some circumstances necessary and hence justifiable (but strictly speaking neither “just” nor “good”). Both the Greek Fathers and later Eastern authors and Church figures, like Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, would develop their understanding of warfare as “irrational” and an obstacle on every Christian’s path to theosis. The Russian Orthodox Bishops’ The Basis of the Social Concept is a rare example of a more elaborated theory of the justification of warfare.Inaczej niż na Zachodzie, chrześcijański Wschód o wiele ostrożniej formułował teorię wojny sprawiedliwej (ius ad bellum). Widział wojnę zawsze jako zło, jakkolwiek w pew- nych okolicznościach uznawał jej konieczność. W centrum prawosławnej teologii i liturgii jest zawsze pokój jako wyjątkowy i zobowiązujący dar Boży. Angażowanie się w wojnę, nawet jeśli konieczne, staje się przeszkodą na drodze od theosis, która ma być celem dla każdego chrześcijanina. Uznając irracjonalność wojny i niemożliwość jej pogodze- nia z wolą Bożą, teologia prawosławna odnotowała jednak próby określenia warunków jej podjęcia, jak i sposobów ograniczenia jej złych skutków (ius in bello). Wielokrotnie przeciwko niegodziwości wojny wypowiadał się Patriarcha Konstantynopola Bartłomiej, a względnie pełne opracowanie etycznych aspektów wojny dali prawosławni biskupi ro- syjscy w 2000 r